Computers can be connected together to form networks, allowing connected computers to … The machine was in almost constant use for the next ten years. [10][11][12] Ramon Llull invented the Lullian Circle: a notional machine for calculating answers to philosophical questions (in this case, to do with Christianity) via logical combinatorics. Dezember 2020 um 11:33 Uhr bearbeitet. Computer - Computer - History of computing: A computer might be described with deceptive simplicity as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically.” Such a definition would owe its deceptiveness to a naive and narrow view of calculation as a strictly mathematical process. Through various projects, chapters, and the support structure of the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, Wikimedia strives to bring about a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge.. The computer is especially historically significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers, an innovation which made it easier for a program to read sequentially through an array of words in memory. After 1945, others read John von Neumann's First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, and immediately started implementing their own systems. [94] Stored-program computers, by contrast, were designed to store a set of instructions (a program), in memory – typically the same memory as stored data. Leslie Comrie's articles on punched-card methods and W. J. Eckert's publication of Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation in 1940, described punched-card techniques sufficiently advanced to solve some differential equations[30] or perform multiplication and division using floating point representations, all on punched cards and unit record machines. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. However, the better-known EDVAC design of John von Neumann, who knew of Turing's theoretical work, received more publicity, despite its incomplete nature and questionable lack of attribution of the sources of some of the ideas.[48]. Top 10 blogs in 2020 for remote teaching and learning; Dec. 11, 2020 In der Informatik wird dieses Modell theoretisch durch die eingangs erwähnte Turing-Maschine abgebildet; die Turing-Maschine stellt die grundsätzlichen Überlegungen zur Berechenbarkeit dar. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It had one or two 8" floppy disk drives, a 32-character plasma display, 80-column graphical thermal printer, 48 Kbytes of RAM, and BASIC language. There were three separate readers for the three types of cards. die einen einzelnen voll funktionstüchtigen Rechner in ihrem Zusammenspiel bedingende Gesamtheit von externen und internen Komponenten, d. h. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 23. In einer Übergangszeit gab es auch Hybridrechner, die einen Analog- mit einem digitalen Computer kombinierten. [142][143] The CDC 6600 outperformed its predecessor, the IBM 7030 Stretch, by about a factor of 3. The second generation disk data storage units were able to store tens of millions of letters and digits. Computers and electronics play an enormous role in today's society, impacting everything from communication and medicine to science. [131][130], CADET used 324 point-contact transistors provided by the UK company Standard Telephones and Cables; 76 junction transistors were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. The ancient abacus was perhaps the first digital computing device. Because it made use of a single-tooth gear there were circumstances in which its carry mechanism would jam. Bei diesen simuliert man die Vorgänge im menschlichen Gehirn und erschafft so selbstlernende Computer, die nicht mehr wie bislang programmiert werden, sondern mit Daten trainiert werden ähnlich einem Gehirn. [62] The Z3 was proven to have been a Turing-complete machine in 1998 by Raúl Rojas[63]. [i][115] The IBM 650 weighed over 900 kg, the attached power supply weighed around 1350 kg and both were held in separate cabinets of roughly 1.5 meters by 0.9 meters by 1.8 meters. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began his work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. The chief designers, Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn, concluded from their experiences with the Mark 1 that computers would be used more in scientific roles than in pure mathematics. By the simple strategy of never shutting down ENIAC, the failures were dramatically reduced. Blog. [39][40], There was to be a store, or memory, capable of holding 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each (ca. He independently designed a programmable mechanical computer, which he described in a work that was published in 1909. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. Springer, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-540-56292-3. [179] By the time that anyone had time to write anything down, it was obsolete. In the late 1880s, the American Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that could then be read by a machine. The Manchester University Transistor Computer's design was adopted by the local engineering firm of Metropolitan-Vickers in their Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistor computer anywhere. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location and was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. During the 1960s there was considerable overlap between second and third generation technologies. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. [109] However, Eckert and Mauchly left the project and its construction floundered. The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. As an analog computer does not use discrete values, but rather continuous values, processes cannot be reliably repeated with exact equivalence, as they can with Turing machines. Im Folg… It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the "cryptologic bomb" (Polish: "bomba kryptologiczna"). During the second generation remote terminal units (often in the form of Teleprinters like a Friden Flexowriter) saw greatly increased use. [61] Program code and data were stored on punched film. Die Bibliotheken wurden in übergeordneten Bibliotheken gebündelt, welche Unterfunktionen zu komplexen Operationen verknüpfen (Beispiel: die Anzeige eines Buchstabens „A“, bestehend aus 20 einzelnen schwarzen und 50 einzelnen weißen Punkten auf dem Bildschirm, nachdem der Benutzer die Taste „A“ gedrückt hat). [156] In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze at Bell Labs developed the floating-gate MOSFET, the basis for MOS non-volatile memory such as EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory. [165] Google has managed this by using fault-tolerant software to recover from hardware failures, and is even working on the concept of replacing entire server farms on-the-fly, during a service event.[166][167]. Komputer – maszyna przeznaczona do przetwarzania informacji, które da się zapisać w formie ciągu cyfr albo sygnału ciągłego. To this day, the rapid pace of development has continued, worldwide. His machines used electromechanical relays and counters. It was based on the Manchester Mark 1. From 1955 onward transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs,[125] giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers.Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. [g], EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of squares[106] and a list of prime numbers.The EDSAC also served as the basis for the first commercially applied computer, the LEO I, used by food manufacturing company J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. EDSAC 1 and was finally shut down on 11 July 1958, having been superseded by EDSAC 2 which stayed in use until 1965.[107]. It was at this point that he designed his 'Napier's bones', an abacus-like device that greatly simplified calculations that involved multiplication and division. 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator —Case 20878" Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Memorandum MM-114-37, Reported in IBM Technical Newsletter No. Jenes ist abgeleitet von dem lateinischen Verb computare, was zusammenrechnen bedeutet. The successive approximations to the answer were displayed as the successive positions of a bright dot on the Williams tube. His device greatly simplified arithmetic calculations, including multiplication and division. The basic cycle time was 1.2 milliseconds, and a multiplication could be completed in about 2.16 milliseconds. Pre-assembled systems did not gain much ground until 1977, with the introduction of the Apple II, the Tandy TRS-80, the first SWTPC computers, and the Commodore PET. While producing the first logarithmic tables, Napier needed to perform many tedious multiplications. Minicomputers served as low-cost computer centers for industry, business and universities. Grundsätzlich unterscheiden sich zwei Bauweisen: Ein Rechner ist ein Digitalrechner, wenn er mit digitalen Geräteeinheiten digitale Daten verarbeitet (also Zahlen und Textzeichen); er ist ein Analogrechner, wenn er mit analogen Geräteeinheiten analoge Daten verarbeitet (also kontinuierlich verlaufende elektrische Messgrößen wie Spannung oder Strom). The Burroughs large systems such as the B5000 were stack machines, which allowed for simpler programming. [147], Noyce came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year after Kilby. The Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia University, performed astronomical calculations representing the state of the art in computing. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. 500 € vergleichbare Leistung. The Baby had a 32-bit word length and a memory of 32 words. This was arranged in a continuous loop so that it could be read and re-read multiple times – there being no internal store for the data. [127] Their first transistorised computer, and the first in the world, was operational by 1953,[128] and a second version was completed there in April 1955. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far. The programmers of the ENIAC were women who had been trained as mathematicians.[92]. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device. [113] UNIVAC was the first "mass produced" computer. It was in competition with a similar product by IBM that had an external floppy disk drive. [110] A second machine was purchased by the University of Toronto, before the design was revised into the Mark 1 Star. The Atlas was a joint development between the University of Manchester, Ferranti, and Plessey, and was first installed at Manchester University and officially commissioned in 1962 as one of the world's first supercomputers – considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at that time. Für weitere Entwicklungen und Trends, von denen viele noch den Charakter von Schlagwörtern bzw. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand—this was a major problem for a machine with thousands of parts. He explored the possible construction of such calculators, but was stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. [122] Commercialization followed quickly. 11, March 1956, as referenced in, Timeline of computing hardware before 1950, Mechanical computer § Electro-mechanical computers, Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory, Analytical Engine § Comparison to other early computers, History of computing hardware (1960s–present) § Third generation, History of computing hardware (1960s–present) § Fourth generation, the machines will be producing so much that everyone in the U.S. will, in effect, be independently wealthy, "A very brief history of pure mathematics: The Ishango Bone", "BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MESOPOTAMIAN MATHEMATICS", (fr) La Machine d’arithmétique, Blaise Pascal, "Schickard versus Pascal - an empty debate? The “brain” [computer] may one day come down to our level [of the common people] and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[95]. the central processing unit, of a computer, their progressive development naturally led to chips containing most or all of the internal electronic parts of a computer. Computer môže byť: komputer (vo všetkých významoch) časopis: odborný časopis Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (od roku 1970), pozri Computer (americký časopis) český časopis o počítačoch (od roku 1994), pozri Computer (český časopis) Pierwszym oferowanym komercyjnie laptopem, który mieścił się w torbie, był Grid Compass Computer 1109. Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. This was a landmark achievement in programmability. The Lebombo bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa may be the oldest known mathematical artifact. Numbers could also be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanism. The design featured a 64-kilobyte magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. Wikipedia tidak memberikan nasihat medis. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space. It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data,[88] but it was not Turing-complete. In the 1930s and working independently, American electronic engineer Claude Shannon and Soviet logician Victor Shestakov both showed a one-to-one correspondence between the concepts of Boolean logic and certain electrical circuits, now called logic gates, which are now ubiquitous in digital computers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. [164] It became possible to simulate analog circuits with the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis, or SPICE (1971) on minicomputers, one of the programs for electronic design automation (EDA). Der früheste Text, in dem das Wort Computer isoliert verwendet wird, stammt von 1613. Like the Colossus, a "program" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Bezüglich des Speicherwerks ist eine wesentliche Designentscheidung der Von-Neumann-Architektur, dass sich Programm und Daten einen Speicherbereich teilen (dabei belegen die Daten in aller Regel den unteren und die Programme den oberen Speicherbereich). Microsoft Office or Microsoft Office System is a collection of computer programs made by Microsoft.The programs are created for all users.There are different versions of the software for home users and for business users. Magnetic core was used in peripherals of the IBM 702 delivered in July 1955, and later in the 702 itself. These pushdown automatons were also implemented in minicomputers and microprocessors later, which influenced programming language design. [citation needed], It was widely used in the CPUs and floating-point units of mainframe and other computers; it was implemented for the first time in EDSAC 2,[119] which also used multiple identical "bit slices" to simplify design. In den zehn Jahren bis 2014 war diese Zugriffszahl auf ein Drittel gefallen. When gunnery ranges increased dramatically in the late 19th century it was no longer a simple matter of calculating the proper aim point, given the flight times of the shells. [citation needed] The alternative Dreyer Table fire control system was fitted to British capital ships by mid-1916. In der frühen Kirchengeschichte erfolgte eine Ablösung des jüdischen Kalenders durch den Julianischen Kalender. Magnetic tape provided archival capability for this data, at a lower cost than disk. Although a vacuum tube might fail, it would be replaced without bringing down the system. It was a small, hand-cranked mechanical calculator and as such, a descendant of Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner and Thomas's Arithmometer. Sept. 2, 2020. Doch finden sich noch weitere Titel, z. [b][6][c] The use of counting rods is one example. In 1951 they started development work on Meg, the Mark 1's successor, which would include a floating-point unit. B. GOTO für den „unbedingten Sprung“). As it was designed to be the simplest possible stored-program computer, the only arithmetic operations implemented in hardware were subtraction and negation; other arithmetic operations were implemented in software. Die Angestellten, die dort rechneten, wurden als „computer“ bezeichnet. Der Zeitpunkt, an dem künstliche Intelligenz die menschliche Intelligenz übertrifft, nennt man technologische Singularität. [f] A reconstructed working copy of one of the Colossus machines is now on display at Bletchley Park. So dienen integrierte Kleinstcomputer (eingebettetes System) zur Steuerung von Alltagsgeräten wie Waschmaschinen und Videorekordern oder zur Münzprüfung in Warenautomaten; in modernen Automobilen dienen sie beispielsweise zur Anzeige von Fahrdaten und steuern in „Fahrassistenten“ diverse Manöver selbst. [79][80] They ruled out possible Enigma settings by performing chains of logical deductions implemented electrically. [9] Other early mechanical devices used to perform one or another type of calculations include the planisphere and other mechanical computing devices invented by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (c. AD 1000); the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (c. AD 1015); the astronomical analog computers of other medieval Muslim astronomers and engineers; and the astronomical clock tower of Su Song (1094) during the Song dynasty. The first commercial computer was the Ferranti Mark 1, built by Ferranti and delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. [101] Work began in August 1948, and the first version was operational by April 1949; a program written to search for Mersenne primes ran error-free for nine hours on the night of 16/17 June 1949. [47], The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, in 1872. Microcomputers, the first of which appeared in the 1970s, became ubiquitous in the 1980s and beyond. Several early third-party vendors such as Cromemco and Processor Technology soon began supplying additional S-100 bus hardware for the Altair 8800. B. Roboter, Medienwiedergabe (Internet, Fernsehen, Videos, Unterhaltungsanwendungen wie Computerspiele, Lernsoftware). These included the astrolabe and Antikythera mechanism from the Hellenistic world (c. 150–100 BC). )[42] Like the central processing unit (CPU) in a modern computer, the mill would rely on its own internal procedures, roughly equivalent to microcode in modern CPUs, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called "barrels", to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user's program might specify.[43]. Early computing machines were programmable in the sense that they could follow the sequence of steps they had been set up to execute, but the "program", or steps that the machine was to execute, were set up usually by changing how the wires were plugged into a patch panel or plugboard. Turing presented a more detailed paper to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Executive Committee in 1946, giving the first reasonably complete design of a stored-program computer, a device he called the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). [21], Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the stepped reckoner and his famous stepped drum mechanism around 1672. [17][18] He built twenty of these machines (called Pascal's calculator or Pascaline) in the following ten years. Basic Tutorials. Diese generieren die Zahlen innerhalb der Speicherzellen, die der Computer letztlich als Programm abarbeitet, aus Textbefehlen heraus automatisch, die auch für den Programmierer einen semantisch verständlichen Inhalt darstellen (z. Erst durch eine Software wird der Digitalcomputer jedoch nützlich. Loops and conditional branching were possible, and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing. Ein Computer (englisch; deutsche Aussprache [.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}kɔmˈpjuːtɐ]) oder Rechner ist ein Gerät, das mittels programmierbarer Rechenvorschriften Daten verarbeitet. It was finally delivered to the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in August 1949, but due to a number of problems, the computer only began operation in 1951, and then only on a limited basis. Transistors greatly reduced computers' size, initial cost, and operating cost. Die Von-Neumann-Architektur ist gewissermaßen die unterste Ebene des Funktionsprinzips eines Computers oberhalb der elektrophysikalischen Vorgänge in den Leiterbahnen. Ein Digitalrechner besteht zunächst nur aus Hardware. Semiconductor memory cell arrays are very regular structures, and manufacturers prove their processes on them; this allows price reductions on memory products. As a discipline, computer science spans a range of topics from theoretical studies of algorithms, computation and information to the practical issues of implementing computing systems in hardware and software. Bei ihnen ersetzen analoge Bauelemente (Verstärker, Kondensatoren) die Logikprogrammierung. Das Ergebnis waren Bücher für die Artillerie, die für unterschiedliche Geschütze Flugbahnen unterschiedlicher Geschosse vorhersagten. Um diesen Aufwand zu reduzieren, wurden Programmiersprachen entwickelt. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin. Atlas also pioneered the Atlas Supervisor, "considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system".[140]. For example, while the communication processor controlled card reading and punching, the main CPU executed calculations and binary branch instructions. distance along a scale, rotation of a shaft, or a voltage). Computer graphics are graphics created by computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer.. Computer graphics may also refer to: . In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3,[57] the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. He followed this up with the modern slide rule in 1632, essentially a combination of two Gunter rules, held together with the hands. Wilhelm Schickard, a German polymath, designed a calculating machine in 1623 which combined a mechanised form of Napier's rods with the world's first mechanical adding machine built into the base. However, the project was slowed by various problems including disputes with the chief machinist building parts for it. [146] It had external wire connections, which made it difficult to mass-produce. Auf der untersten Ebene findet sich aber immer der so genannte Maschinencode – jene Abfolge von Zahlen, mit der der Computer auch tatsächlich gesteuert wird. Sie bekommt die Werte von der Steuereinheit geliefert, verrechnet sie (addiert beispielsweise zwei Zahlen) und gibt den Wert an die Steuereinheit zurück, die den Wert dann für einen Vergleich verwenden oder in eine andere Speicherzelle schreiben kann. Dementsprechend sind vereinzelt auch die abstrahierenden bzw. He also introduced the notion of a "universal machine" (now known as a universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. für Persönliche Computer, als Gegensatz zu von vielen genutzten Großrechnern) dienen der Informationsverarbeitung in Wirtschaft und Behörden sowie bei Privatpersonen; Supercomputer werden eingesetzt, um komplexe Vorgänge zu simulieren, z. w zakresie testów technicznych i analiz projektów realizowanych komputerowo. Analogrechner funktionieren nach einem anderen Prinzip. Joko Widodo. A removable disk pack can be easily exchanged with another pack in a few seconds. High-speed memory was limited to 20 words (equivalent to about 80 bytes). The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer had been proposed by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. They were successfully deployed within various departments of the company and were in use for about five years. Ein Megatrend sind derzeit (2017) die Entwicklung künstlicher Intelligenz. Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar created what would over the rest of the century become the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas Arithmometer. Miały one rozmiary sporych pomieszczeń i … By 1953 this team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. This enabled five different possible start positions to be examined for one transit of the paper tape. His device was the foundation for further developments in analog computing.[48]. There is only 50 languages listed in my chart, if you don't find "your" language, see The Language List of Bill Kinnersley (he has listed more than 2500 languages). [149][147] His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Microprogramming allows the base instruction set to be defined or extended by built-in programs (now called firmware or microcode). Zur Etymologie siehe Rechnen#Etymologie. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. From 1975 to 1977, most microcomputers, such as the MOS Technology KIM-1, the Altair 8800, and some versions of the Apple I, were sold as kits for do-it-yourselfers. The vacuum-tube SAGE air-defense computers became remarkably reliable – installed in pairs, one off-line, tubes likely to fail did so when the computer was intentionally run at reduced power to find them. The multiplier used almost a quarter of the machine's 4,050 vacuum tubes (valves). [141] The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is generally considered the first supercomputer. Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. Most possibilities led to a contradiction, and the few remaining could be tested by hand. The Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine was used for high-level Army communications, code-named "Tunny" by the British. [d], Since real numbers can be represented as distances or intervals on a line, the slide rule was invented in the 1620s, shortly after Napier's work, to allow multiplication and division operations to be carried out significantly faster than was previously possible. Zum Typus des derzeit meistverbreiteten Computers siehe, Weltweite Marktanteile der Computerhersteller, Folgende Teile dieses Abschnitts scheinen seit 2012. This has allowed computing to become a commodity which is now ubiquitous, embedded in many forms, from greeting cards and telephones to satellites. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. The integrated circuit in the image on the right, for example, an Intel 8742, is an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip. [148] Noyce's invention was a monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip. Wikipedia is a Python library that makes it easy to access and parse data from Wikipedia.. Search Wikipedia, get article summaries, get data like links and images from a page, and more. [72], The engineer Tommy Flowers joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office in 1926. [178], An indication of the rapidity of development of this field can be inferred from the history of the seminal 1947 article by Burks, Goldstine and von Neumann. [48], In the US, in 1940 Arthur Dickinson (IBM) invented the first digital electronic computer. "[182], From early calculation aids to modern day computers, Robson has recommended at least one supplement to, The existence of Colossus was not known to American computer scientists, such as, In the defense field, considerable work was done in the computerized implementation of equations such as, Dr. V. M. Wolontis (August 18, 1955) "A Complete Floating-Decimal Interpretive System for the I.B.M.
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