HEBRON is one of the most ancient cities in the world still existing, and it is in this respect the rival of Damascus. It is picturesquely situated in a narrow valley, surrounded by rocky hills. S. of the town in the bottom of the valley is a tank, 130 ft. square by 50 deep. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! (See OAK ?T0002758.) From Dan to Beersheba, a distance of about 144 miles (Judg. 0000061406 00000 n Then it was that he dreamed, and in the dream the Lord . New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. "Seven wells" is improbable on etymological grounds; the numeral should in that case be first. Jacob arrives back at his father Isaacs home at Hebron. It was here at Beer Laihairoi that his sons, Jacob and Esau, were born (Gen. 24:62-67; 25:24-29). So he agrees to settle up with Jacob. Tanis) in Egypt (Nu 13:22); its ancient name was Kiriath-arba, probably meaning the "Four Cities," perhaps because divided at one time into four quarters, but according to Jewish writers so called because four patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Adam were buried there. It was already centuries old when the Hittites fought Ramesses II ofEgyptat the Battle ofKadeshin 939 BC. 1 Chronicles 4:28 They lived at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual. 0000003958 00000 n Although the placename can be found in English as Haran, Charan, and Charran, it should not be confused with the personal name Haran, borne by Abram's brother, among others. He was not young--in his seventies at this time--but had lived most of his life in the Negev, the southern part of Canaan. Jacob is scared because, when he was younger, he cheated Esau out of his birthright (see Genesis 27:1-40). the pestilence. (4.) 0000004892 00000 n How many miles did Jacob travel from Beersheba to Haran? He works seven years for his uncle Laban in return for Rachel, but is tricked into marrying Leah (the elder daughter who, by tradition, was expected to be married first). The power of the Holy Spirit - for everyone? Later History: Probably during the captivity Hebron came into the hands of Edom, though it appears to have been colonized by returning Jews (Neh 11:25); it was recovered from Edom by Simon Maccabeus (1 Macc 5:65; Josephus, Ant, XII, viii, 6). Afterward on Moriah he offered Isaac (Genesis 22:2; Genesis 22:14). 8. 2 Kings 23:8 - And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had burned incense, from Geba to Beersheba, and brake down the high places of the gates that [were] in the entering in of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which [were] on a man's left hand at the gate of the city.2 Samuel 24:2 - For the king said to Joab the captain of the host, which [was] with him, Go now through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even to Beersheba, and number ye the people, that I may know the number of the people.Amos 5:5 - But seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and pass not to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nought.Nehemiah 11:30 - Zanoah, Adullam, and [in] their villages, at Lachish, and the fields thereof, at Azekah, and [in] the villages thereof. Abraham took Isaac to the Mountains of Moriah to offer him as burnt offering in obedience to God. And his mother's name [was] Zibiah of Beersheba.Genesis 21:32 - Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba: then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.2 Samuel 17:11 - Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that [is] by the sea for multitude; and that thou go to battle in thine own person.2 Samuel 24:15 - So the LORD sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed: and there died of the people from Dan even to Beersheba seventy thousand men.2 Chronicles 19:4 - And Jehoshaphat dwelt at Jerusalem: and he went out again through the people from Beersheba to mount Ephraim, and brought them back unto the LORD God of their fathers.Judges 20:1 - Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, unto the LORD in Mizpeh.2 Samuel 3:10 - To translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba.2 Samuel 24:7 - And came to the strong hold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites: and they went out to the south of Judah, [even] to Beersheba.1 Kings 4:25 - And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.Genesis 21:33 - And [Abraham] planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God.Genesis 46:1 - And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba, and offered sacrifices unto the God of his father Isaac.1 Samuel 3:20 - And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel [was] established [to be] a prophet of the LORD.1 Kings 19:3 - And when he saw [that], he arose, and went for his life, and came to Beersheba, which [belongeth] to Judah, and left his servant there.Genesis 21:31 - Wherefore he called that place Beersheba; because there they sware both of them.1 Samuel 8:2 - Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abiah: [they were] judges in Beersheba.Genesis 26:33 - And he called it Shebah: therefore the name of the city [is] Beersheba unto this day.Joshua 19:2 - And they had in their inheritance Beersheba, or Sheba, and Moladah,1 Chronicles 4:28 - And they dwelt at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual,Nehemiah 11:27 - And at Hazarshual, and at Beersheba, and [in] the villages thereof,Genesis 28:10 - And Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran. Genesis 21:32 So they made a covenant at Beersheba. 3. Forced to serve Rachels father, Laban, for seven years to win her, Jacob was tricked at the end of that time into marrying her sister, Leah. Hebron was the original name, changed to Kirjath Arba during Israel's sojourn in Egypt, and restored by Caleb, to whom it was given at the conquest of Israel (Genesis 23:2; Joshua 14:13-15). Its Position: Geographically Beersheba marked the southern limit of Judah, though theoretically this extended to the "river of Egypt" (Gen 15:18)--the modern Wady el`Avish--60 miles farther south. Zephaniah & Habakkuk foretell Judah's fall, Zephaniah warns of the punishment of Judah, Habakkuk asks why the cruel Babylonians succeed, 44. Stairway to Heaven: Jacob at Bethel | Mitchell Lewis Gen 31:45-54 Laban and Jacob make a covenant. The houses are stone, solidly built, flat-roofed, and have each one or two little cupolas, such as are seen in several parts of Israel. Abraham is called by Mohammedans el-Khulil, "the Friend," i.e. How many miles did Jacob travel from Beersheba to Haran? Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. PDF Bethel | Reading: Genesis 28:10-22 - Amazing Grace Fellowship, Westport Abraham had moved his family to the "region of the Negev and lived between Kadesh and Shur. Beersheba. 0000010440 00000 n 2. be-er-she'-ba (be'er shebha`; Bersabee): Allotted originally to Simeon (Joshua 19:2), one of "the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah" (Joshua 15:28).1. Where did Laban live? 759 0 obj <> endobj Isaac was born after Abraham returned from Gerar. A city of Judah, Jos 15:54 situated among the mountains, Jos 20:7 20 Roman miles south of Jerusalem, and the same distance north of Beersheba. 3. 0000007394 00000 n The city is some 20 miles South of Jerusalem, situated in an open valley, 3,040 ft. above sea-level. Gen 28:10-19 Jacob Flees From Laban Laban's sons are furious with their cousin Jacob, so Jacob flees secretly from Haran. The third son of Kohath the Levite (Ex. - And Israel (as the head of the theocratic family) took his journey - literally, broke up, sc. What Jehovah has made one see (this hophal mowreh occurs four times in the Pentateuch, nowhere in later books) "the vision of Jehovah". Paul's Journey to Ephesus, Philippi & Corinth, The Ephesians are filled with the Holy Spirit, Paul meets violent opposition in Jerusalem, 13. Isaac lived longer than either Abraham or his son Jacob, and his he spent his life within a small area in the south of the land of Canaan. Jacob now becomes the leading figure in the sacred history. Old Testament Maps Set: 28 Pro Series Bible Maps, Patriarchs Maps Set: 7 Pro Series Bible Maps, Pro Series Digital Maps Set: 41 Bible Maps (the complete set), Free Digital Maps Set: 41 Bible Maps (the complete set). Sitnah (hatred). 1 Samuel 8:2 Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abijah: they were judges in Beersheba. Gen 31:1-21 Labans sons are furious with their cousin Jacob, so Jacob flees secretly from Haran. Jacob was awestruck and declared This place issurely the house of God (Genesis 28:17). 0000042671 00000 n haran to canaan distance. (See Joshua 21:11; Judges 1:10.) Joseph was a teenager when his family had last seen him. 4. 8. Paul's Journey to Cyprus, Pamphylia & Galatia, Paul & Barnabas return to Antioch in Syria, Paul & Barnabas attend the Council of Jerusalem, Paul & Barnabas take the decision to Antioch, 10. Jacob tricks Laban by producing for him an abundance of weaker animals (30:42). 0000007912 00000 n 0000004250 00000 n The annual wage for a shepherd in the Bronze Age was about 10 shekels; hence, seven years of labor was a stiff demand. 22 from The Moody Atlas of Bible Lands. trailer Genesis 29. Jacob's Journey (28:10-11) I've already mentioned the distance of Jacob's journey & that in this passage he is near the beginning of this journey. lz Luz, "almond." The blessing of his sons was the last passage in the active life of Isaac, after which he retires from the scene. The Days of the Monarchy: David, when a fugitive, received kindness from the people of this city (1 Sam 30:31); here Abner was treacherously slain by Joab at the gate (2 Sam 3:27), and the sons of Rimmon, after their hands and feet had been cut off, were hanged "beside the pool" (2 Sam 4:12). It meant leaving the Promised Land and venturing into territory Jacob had never entered. 2:42, 43. The masonry which encloses the well extends downward 28 1/2 feet. Travelling north, he rests for the night at Luz (Bethel) and has an amazing dream (see6 on Map 41). 0000007940 00000 n The proverb "in the Mount of Jehovah it (or He) shall be seen" probably originated in Jerusalem under Melchizedek. I will also surely bring you up again. Ex 6:18; Nu 3:19; 1Ch 6:2,18; 23:12 He was the founder of a family of Hebronites, Nu 3:27; 26:58; 1Ch 26:23,30,31, or Bene-Hebron. The vicinity was long the favorite camping-ground of the patriarchs. The Philosopher, the Lover & the Mourner, Introduction to the Old Testament Prophets, Amos denounces social injustice in Israel, Hosea laments the unfaithfulness of Israel, Micah decries social injustice in Israel and Judah, 39. 2:1-4, 11; 1 Kings 2:11). 1 Samuel 3:20 All Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of Yahweh. God sends Jacob to Bethel (the site of Jacob's dream - see Genesis 28:17). century BC and which have been rebuilt in the same style many times during the intervening centuries. Isaac also renamed the site Beer-Sheba after he had received a special revelation form the Lord (Gen. 26:23-33). While asleep, he dreamed of a ladder - or stairway - leading up to heaven, with angels going up and down. 0000011775 00000 n Ezekiel warns of the conquest of Jerusalem, Ezekiel's vision of idolatry in the Temple, Ezekiel speaks through prophesies and parables, Further prophecies & the fall of Jerusalem, Hope for the future - New life for Israel, 45. Calling together men from the tribes of Manasseh, Asher, Zebulun and Naphtali, Gideon defeated the Midianites on the valley floor just north of Mount Gilboa (see Judges 6:33-35 & 7:1-25). From Acts of the Apostles to John's Revelation, 12 Aug. 1 Corinthians 10:16-17,11:20-34, 2 Feb. Genesis 29:31-35,30:1-12,17-24. Life Changing. Having fled for his life from Beersheba, Jacob settled down for the night at Luz. Shortly after, Isaac dies, and Jacob and Esau bury their father in the family tomb at Machpelah Cave. %PDF-1.5 % Hard Times in Haran | Keep Believing Ministries It is found by Isaac's servants just after the covenant made between him and Abimelech. 0000038268 00000 n ah)X uOaAC) 80*P`=`P9@a. If You Like these maps please click the button to Like us on Facebook. What is the significance of Beersheba in the Bible? Jacob served in Labans house for 20 years before fleeing back to Canaan (Genesis 31:1-21). Hebron was called for a time also Mamre, from Abram's ally (Genesis 23:19; Genesis 35:27). A Sacred Shrine: Beersheba was a sacred shrine. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Laban caught up with Jacob in the hill country of Gilead. xb```b``3f`c` ,{ Today, many non-conformist Christian chapels in Britain are called, 1. 0000007990 00000 n This place became Isaac's home while he was with his parents. In the cave of Machpelah all the patriarchs and their wives, except Rachel, were buried (49:30 f; 50:13). Terms | PDF The kingdom of the ten tribes extended from Beersheba to Mount Ephraim (2 Chr. Genesis 28:10 - ERV - Jacob left Beersheba and went to Haran. How Far Did Jacob Travel When He Went To Laban. In Genesis 21:31 Abraham and Abimelech took an oath of witness that the former had dug the well and seven ewe lambs were offered in sacrifice, "Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba; because there they sware both of them." The Lord changed Jacob's name to Israel and he became the father of 12 sons who became the 12 tribes of Israel (Gen. 25-50). Isaiah predicts the fall of Israel & Judah, Prophecies written before the fall of Jerusalem, Isaiah reassures King Ahaz of God's support, Troubled times and a glorious future kingdom, 40. Paul's Letters to Galatia & Thessalonica, The risen Lord Jesus appears to his followers, Christ's Victory Parade & the New Covenant, 15. There are two accounts of the origin of the name. oq Bt c8D"xv7 In Genesis 28:1019, Abraham's grandson Jacob left Beersheba and went toward Haran. According to the Hebrew Bible, Haran was the place where Terah settled with his son Abraham (at that time called Abram), his grandson Lot, and Abram's wife Sarah (at that time known as Sarai) during their planned journey from Ur Kadim (Ur of the Chaldees) to the Land of Canaan. Jacobs Travels| IBible Maps This is where he deceived Abimelech, the king of Gerar (Gen. 26:1-16). It was afterwards known as Mamre. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob dwelt here, and it was here that Abraham bought a tomb - the Cave of Machpelah. lz Luz, "almond." The blessing of his sons was the last passage in the active life of Isaac, after which he retires from the scene. They pile stones in a heap as a reminder of their agreement. It was built "seven years before Zoan in Egypt" (Gen. 13:18; Num. (1.) 2 Chronicles 24:1 Joash was seven years old when he began to reign; and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem: and his mother's name was Zibiah, of Beersheba. Gen 31:31-44 Laban cannot findhis household gods (Rachel - who has stolen these family treasures - is hiding them). What happened to Jacob first month in Harran? 7. So thenceforth David sacrificed there, and no longer on the altar at Gibeon where the tabernacle was, separate from the ark, which was at Zion; for he could not go to Gibeon on account of the sword of the Angel, i.e. Genesis 46:5 Jacob rose up from Beersheba, and the sons of Israel carried Jacob, their father, their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. HM0HsFZ6ZdWV]U8Fp7 wpgwL#x|=CaL.66$nC! \X@`/4JT!J+A C#M "Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beer-sheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God" Genesis (Genesis 21:33). Gene 23:19 About a mile from the town, up the valley, is one of the largest oak trees in Israel. 4. In Genesis 46, Jacob took his family to Egypt to meet Joseph. Well for Jacob it was a 500 mile walk from his home in Beersheba to Haran. 0000005459 00000 n What do these events reveal about Laban? Also Hashabiah and 1,700 Hebronites were officers "in all the Lord's business and the king's service" on the W. of Jordan. Jacob and his mother deceived his father Isaac into blessing Jacob and he fled eastward. 6Qe8Af::^&1GF Ge 37:14 comp. Genesis 28:10 Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran. [8] Although Abram's nephew Lot accompanied him to Canaan, Terah and his other descendants remained in Paddan-Aram,[9]. It was the favorite home of Abraham. 0000038201 00000 n 1. The World of the New Testament Journeys, English Translations of the New Testament, Jesus teaches how to receive the Holy Spirit, Jesus is changed on the slopes of Mount Hermon, Jesus heralds the end of the sacrificial system, The believers are filled with the Holy Spirit, Stephen is killed & the believers are scattered, 9. Abdon is read in many manuscriptsHebron in Hitchcock's Bible Names society; friendshipHebron in Naves Topical Bible 1. - Jacob's Journey to Haran. God also promised that allthe families of theearth will be blessed through Jacobs offspring (Genesis 28:14). On his way through to Joseph in Egypt, Jacob stopped here to offer sacrifices (Gn. Sorry, you have Javascript Disabled! It is found about forty times in the Old. After this he proceeds on his journey without any memorable incident. The Book of Exodus itself attempts to ground the event firmly in history, dating the exodus to the 2666th year after creation (Exodus 12:40-41), the construction of the tabernacle to year 2667 (Exodus 40:1-2, 17), stating that the Israelites dwelled in Egypt for 430 years (Exodus 12:40-41), and including place names. Genesis 46:5 Jacob rose up from Beersheba, and the sons of Israel carried Jacob, their father, their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. Robinson (BW, XVII, 247) has described how he found seven ancient wells there-probably still more will yet be found. Rivaling Damascus in antiquity. Hebron is said to have been rounded before Zoan (i.e. This, say some, is the very tree beneath which Abraham pitched his tent, and it still bears the name of the patriarch. 77 years old when he fled to Haran 84 years old when he married 90 years old when Joseph was sold into slavery 130 years old when he moved to Egypt 147 years old when he died Was buried in the cave of Macpelah n Two major deceptions of Jacob: 1. Beersheba. For a time he stayed at Gerar" ( Genesis 20:1 ). H]O0+e{QB1 ] Over the cave is now the mosque El Haran, from which all but Muslims are excluded jealously (though the Prince of Wales was admitted), and in which probably lie the remains of Abraham and Isaac, and possibly Jacob's embalmed body, brought up in state from Egypt (Genesis 50:13). 0000001336 00000 n According to the first, the well was dug by Abraham, and the name given to Judah, Jos 15:28 and then to Simeon, Jos 19:2; 1Ch 4:28 In the often-quoted "from Dan even unto Beersheba," Jud 20:1 it represents the southern boundary of Canaan, as Dan the northern. Called so from the oath of peace between Abraham and Abimelech, king of the Philistines (Genesis 21:31), else from the seven (sheba' ) ewe lambs slain there: indeed sheba', an oath, is from the custom of binding one's self by seven things, as Abraham made the seven ewe lambs a pledge of his covenant with Abimelech. Jeremiah warns of the destruction of Jerusalem, Jeremiah says idolatry will bring Judah's fall, Jeremiah prophesies the destruction of Jerusalem, Miscellaneous flashbacks to earlier times, Gedeliah is murdered & Jeremiah goes to Egypt, 43. Map title: Jacob's Travels. Verse 1. 3. A tradition which first appears in a definite shape in Josephus, and is now almost universally accepted, asserts that the "Mount Moriah" of the Chronicles is identical with the "mountain" in "the land of Moriah" of Genesis, and that the spot on which Jehovah appeared to David, and on which the temple was built, was the very spot of the sacrifice of Isaac.Mount Moriah Scripture - 2 Chronicles 3:1 Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where [the LORD] appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. On some low hills north of the large wells are scattered the foundations and ruins of a town of moderate size.Beersheba in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE be-er-she'-ba (be'er shebha`; Bersabee): Allotted originally to Simeon (Josh 19:2), one of "the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah" (Josh 15:28). Haranis one of the oldest cities on earth that is still inhabited today. One of Samson's exploits was the carrying of the gate of Gaza "to the top of the mountain that is before Hebron" (Jdg 16:3). The Vale of Jezreel (the Valley of Israel also known as the Plain of Esdraelon) was an important lowland corridor running from south east to north west, linking the Jordan Valley near Beth Sheanto the coastal plain north of Mount Carmel (near the modern city of Haifa). Israel becomes a kingdom under Saul and David, Jonathan demolishes the Philistine pillar at Geba, Saul is killed by the Philistines at Mt Gilboa, The Ark of the Covenant is brought to Jerusalem, David's victories over Israel's neighbours, Absalom's flight & his rebellion against David, 31. A Sacred Shrine: Beersheba was a sacred shrine. In his dream, the LORD renewed his covenant promise to give the land ofCanaanto Jacob and his descendants. 24:24, 25; 2 Chr. The total straight line distance between Haran and Canaan is 12180 KM (kilometers) and 978.62 meters. How Far Did Abraham's Servant Travel - BikeHike The Romano-Jewish world of the New Testament, 22. It lies along the Balkh River, 24 miles (38 km) southeast of Urfa. 0000008651 00000 n 0000037224 00000 n His mother's name also [was] Zibiah of Beersheba.Amos 8:14 - They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan, liveth; and, The manner of Beersheba liveth; even they shall fall, and never rise up again.1 Chronicles 21:2 - And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go, number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them to me, that I may know [it].Genesis 21:14 - And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, and a bottle of water, and gave [it] unto Hagar, putting [it] on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba.2 Kings 12:1 - In the seventh year of Jehu Jehoash began to reign; and forty years reigned he in Jerusalem. It is mentioned among the "cities" given to the tribe of Simeon (Josh. Malachi & Joel await the Day of the LORD, 48. Gen 31:22-30 Laban discovers that his daughters have left and his family idols are missing. This may recall the cpisode of Laban duping Jacob into receiving the weak-eyed Leah and not the ewe-lamb Rachel (2\1;24). Genesis 28:10-22 describes the Lord's appearance in a dream, given to Jacob while on the road to Haran in Mesopotamia, the region where Rebekah's brother Laban lives. The period between Abrahams call to enter Canaan (AM 2021) and Jacobs entry into Biblical Egypt is 215 years, calculated from the ages of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; the period in Egypt is stated in the Book of Exodus (12:40) as 430 years, although the Septuagint and the Samaritan Pentateuch texts both give only 430. The World of the Old Testament Journeys, 23.The Journeys of Adam, Enoch, Noah & Abraham, Cain is sent on a journey to the east of Eden, 24. Laban tricked him and Jacbo had to agree to work 7 more years to win Rachel. Where Do Isaac and Rebecca Live When Jacob Leaves Home? Theophanies occurred there to Hagar (21:17), to Isaac (26:24), to Jacob (46:2), and to Elijah (1 Ki 19:5). 0000008705 00000 n endstream endobj 787 0 obj[/Separation/Red/DeviceCMYK 800 0 R] endobj 788 0 obj<>stream The Lord stopped him in the middle of the act and provided a substitute to teach him about God's plan of salvation in offering His only son Jesus. Genesis 46:4 I will go down with you into Egypt. association with Jacob Arriving at his uncle Laban's home in Haran, Jacob fell in love with his cousin Rachel. Genesis 28 MBBTAG;NIV;KJV - Kaya tinawag ni Isaac si Jacob at - Bible Jacob then served Laban for another six years, during which he amassed a large amount of property; he then set out with his wives and children to return to Palestine. It was the extreme border of the cultivated land. 2 Samuel 3:10 to transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba.". Haran is usually identified with Harran, now a village of anlurfa, Turkey. PDF Beersheba to Bethel - Cranfordville.com The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series.
Parham Report Camden, Ar,
Kelli Stavast Interview,
Grapettes Softball Washington State,
Ninja Speedi Meal Builder,
Constitutional Reform In Texas Is Unlikely Because,
Articles J