The technical content was reviewed by Prof. Duncan Mara (University of Leeds, England). The pond body directly below the surface aerator of the aeration pond must be reinforced with concrete . <> Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Design Manual for Eastern Africa.. endobj Very simple. macrophyte or. Wastewater Use in Agriculture, Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic), Epuration des eaux uses par Lagunage a Microphytes et a Macrophytes en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre- Etat des lieux, performances puratoires et critres de dimensionnement, How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation, Environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment for the implementation of the UNEP/GPA "Guidelines on Municipal Wastewater Management", Lagunas de Estabilizacion para Descarga de Liquidos de Camiones Atmosfericos, Ecological Sanitation and Reuse of Wastewater. The process (as in septic tanks) relies on the sedimentation of settable solids and subsequent anaerobic digestion in the resulting sludge layer. `# ~a8ivHjy2_diw"sfGDl2lG] This module pays special attention to the haulage, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge. endobj Stabilisation ponds also have the advantage of very low operating costs since they use no energy compared to other wastewater treatment technologies and only low-tech infrastructure (see also operation and maintenanceand ensuring sustainability). Large surface areas required and needs to be protected to prevent contact with human or animals. This training manual emphasizes basics of biogas technology as well as design principles and technical considerations. Settleable solids accumulate and are digested on the bottom of the pond. There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics. endobj www.waterworld.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. m}~pPeh'/H+:Z~PO{izUG[4@'a5uIUWI{r AwOU[XkotJ^JDB]$% pP2A=-__T[5O :-fS0'[t!(!AD#AySAuJv;$YL1d|iqvl p.E~0W Anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal, while aerobic ponds are designed for pathogen removal (see also pathogens and contaminants). There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics. 9w.OW x2 eM';j OB"#A}zC 3tkIt@v~o? Almost all wastewaters (including heavily loaded industrial wastewater) can be treated, but as higher the organic load, as higher the required surface. Index of dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMENT. The algal production of oxygen occurs near the surface of aerobic ponds to the depth to which light can penetrate (i.e. Required fields are marked *. Dissolved oxygen is also provided by natural wind mixing. Case Study on the fishponds in sewage-fed lagoons in Kolkata. hXn6= The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies. 12 0 obj 0 <> This manual has been prepared as a tool to help improve DFID's (Department for International Developments, United Kingdom) support for water supply and sanitation projects and programmes in developing countries. Some of AIWPS applications are given, emphasizing removal efficiencies in every unit. stream The second part of the guide consists of technical factsheets which give a practical overview of the technical and economic characteristics, the operating principle and the pros and cons of the 29 sanitation technology options most commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of TFs are listed below. c) Aerobic Pond, Water stabilization ponds are the large man-made basins in which greywater, blackwater or faecal sludge can be treated to an effluent of relatively high quality and apt for the reuse in agriculture (e.g. A Century-old Innovation of Farmers. Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal. 51 21 3 0 obj '\ The impression of spring plowing behind the hard-to-sell fertilizer. Scum that builds up on the pond surface should be regularly removed. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. Facultative ponds mean large, but shallow basins meant for the treatment of the sewage through the application of both anaerobic and aerobic processes (Bougrier et al. % _____ A fence should be installed to ensure that people and animals stay out of the area and that garbage does not enter the ponds. The width and slope of the top of the embankment . They are less efficient in cold climates and may require additional land or longer detention times in these areas. If the height difference is large, a multi-stage water drop should be constructed . ALABASTER, G.P. a. The anaerobic pond must be de-sludged approximately once every 2 to 5 years, when the accumulated solids reach one third of the pond volume. plum healthcare group . Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP The advantages of WSP include: It can beautify the environment and form an ecological landscape . This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or reliability of May 28, 2022 . endstream endobj 52 0 obj<. If there is a certain height difference between the inlet water elevation of the aeration pond and the pond water surface elevation, then this height difference can be considered for oxygenation by falling water . The book presents in a clear and informative way the main concepts, working principles, expected removal efficiencies, design criteria, design examples, construction aspects, operational guidelines and sludge managment for pond systems. A berm can protect from erosion or the invasion by vegetation and a fence can protect the lagoons from people and animals and prevent that garbage is thrown in. FPs can result in the removal of 80 to 95% of the BOD5 (SPERLING 2007), which means an overall removal of 95% over the two ponds (AP and FP). 0000000729 00000 n 5 Stabilizing the pond body and its inlet and outlet, (1) Design points of the stabilization pond. <> 8 0 obj substantially reduces the land area required for facultative ponds. 2. [/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC] Two products can be put into production this month, The difference between PU and NC wood paint Seven differences to look at carefully. In a second pond (facultative pond), algae growing on the surface provide the water with oxygen leading to both anaerobic digestion and aerobic oxidation of the organic pollutants. % The major topics covered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment, reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics, conversion of organic and inorganic matter, sedimentation, aeration. If used in combination with algae and/or fish harvesting (see Fish Pond), this type of pond is effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent. October 13, 2010 no comments. These systems are composed of a series of ponds: (1) anaerobic ponds, (2) facultative ponds, and (3) maturation ponds. It is usually arranged diagonally . According to the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), stabilisation ponds are the most cost-effective (semi-)centralised wastewater treatment technology for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. <> endobj For example, blower aerators, surface aerators, horizontal axis rotating brush aerators, etc. 6 0 obj It should be fully compacted and as flat as possible, and the completed height difference of the pond bottom shall not exceed 0. endobj Only slightly polluted wastewater may be discharged directly into primary facultative ponds. 8. Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Design Manual for Eastern Africa. Lagoon systems can be cost-effective to design and construct in areas where land is inexpensive. As a complete process, the anaerobic pond serves to: BOD removal in anaerobic ponds is governed by the same mechanisms that occur in all other anaerobic reactors (MARA et al. The book covers the main treatment processes used worldwide with wastewater treatment in warm climate regions given a particular emphasis where simple, affordable and sustainable solutions are required. WSPs are low-cost for O&M and BOD and pathogenremoval is high. endobj 10 0 obj Technical information on environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment. %PDF-1.3 <> London: Whereas anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal, maturation or polishing ponds are essentially designed for pathogen removal and retaining suspended stabilised solids (MARA et al. 4 0 obj Advantages Disadvantages 5) A pond with DO distributed throughout is a _____ pond. <> What are the advantages and disadvantages of these three Waste Stablization Ponds listed below: This allows you to quickly navigate to the content of your particular interest while promoting the holistic understanding of sustainable sanitation and water management. Odor can become a nuisance during algal blooms or with anaerobic lagoons and lagoons that are inadequately maintained. <> b. %%EOF Blackwater, Faecal Sludge, Greywater, Brownwater, Faeces, Excreta, Sludge, Fertigation Water, Biogas (if anaerobic pond is covered). The WHO (WHO 2005 in MOREL & DINER 2006) does not promote pond systems if appropriate mosquito control measures are not guaranteed. endobj };kj?c?k'1$ endobj TVmfn $sx3s \y4 0000007026 00000 n 10 0 obj endobj Effluent from some types of lagoons Contains algae and often requires additional treatment or polishing to meet discharge standards. <> Effluent treatment standards that are currently accepted in order to protect public health and safety are reviewed. The anaerobic pond is the primary treatment stage and reduces the organic load in the wastewater. Facultative ponds treat BOD, typically within a range of 100-400 kg BOD/ha/day, by removing BOD by 95 %. 20 0 obj (1992): (We`ll never share your email address with a third-party.). /_XOz[j Wz{{v~6duh@^uoWI8$z\5 xoj kP<6)xvZnQ<2~Uw:I@x1/z'R2RKI>?zz!9 rc[t`Yh)9J.r$H-ErcC>VTr+p BC4Dh= T w"F:ddH^0% /@ 0[#a%KI E@' _{a~d Q/d"8+ .U p9 GG^tS~0-o_Oa/Vxi>5IJvo}=~4iKuz};p/^x],;^{?-{m*:Vt7u@@7*@ y;tv DG3H.>k+>'//_^V^vzK_^|.^a{uw]+uOZ{uu_Q`dIvP$#&fGF#R0=_ppV f=]%&z\/_uvz/.}=ko_an_]I&^z}-o]_s! Design manual for designers, builders and operators on the design and operation of artificially constructed wetlands and waste stabilization ponds. Biogas may also be recovered for use when anaerobic ponds are covered with a floating plastic membrane (PENA VARON 2004) (see also reuse of biogas). EMERY, R. endobj In addition, it is one of the few low-cost natural processes, which provides good treatment of pathogens. typically up to 500 mm). This paper shows that there are comprehensive experiences and available technologies that meet new and sustainable sanitation requirements. This Sanitation Sourcebook distils some of the core concepts of sanitation in a user-friendly format so that the book can serve as a practical reference to sanitation professionals and investment decision-makers, particularly the local governments. 0000001158 00000 n However, this depends on the availability of land and its price. syO@\-{|D++]DFQ5;qk61I\+9L,gSxcHM]R)7Bi0K(KH\>O-ygm 7}WND>Z[VJZYQpFeBzVV\ 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ponds. (= Integrated Environmental Technology Series Facultative ponds and open digesting tanks are the most commonly used anaerobic processes for the treatment of POME (Yacob et al., 2005). Pre-treatment (see Pre Treatment Technologies) is essential to prevent scum formation and to hinder excess solids and garbage from entering the ponds. Advantages. The direction from import to export should avoid the prevailing local wind direction throughout the year to prevent odor pollution . Facultative ponds contain a supernatant (upper) layer that is aerobic, and lower layers that are anaerobic. =WC[ho5:G/H\IZ )MZ 7 0 obj <> <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Rotate 0>> It explains requirements to promote the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets, and how those requirements are intended to be used. 1. Bekldve: 2022. mjus 29. vasrnap Szerz: . Sludge can be removed by using a raft-mounted sludge pump, a mechanical scraper at the bottom of the pond or by draining and dewatering the pond and removing the sludge with a front-end loader. 6 0 obj Leeds: Volume II. Basins with surface areas many times larger than conventional biological reactors, that utilize relatively low . H} 0C' 6 They are semi-centralised treatment systems combined after wastewater has been collected from toilets (see also wastewater collectionand user interface). 7 0 obj 0000006544 00000 n The inlet and outlet should adopt multi-point water inlet and multi-point water outlet to make the water distribution on the cross section of the pond as even as possible . 'b* [V;.Kih+'^\j_.OUzwt^ tah;,zGb'hLOY k_!uJUu^zX{h @cxxZIup y,"hA}[ <> This publication deals with the feasibility of waste stabilisation ponds for the simultaneous treatment of collected sludge (by vacuum trucks) and wastewater from the domestic sewer system. Total nitrogen removal in WSP systems can reach 80% or more, and ammonia removal can be as high as 95%. If you have any queries, please write Although effluent from aerobic ponds is generally low in pathogens, the ponds should in no way be used for recreation or as a direct source of water for consumption or domestic use. Waste Stabilisation Ponds is the third volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. russian central bank rothschild. endstream endobj 48 0 obj <>stream If reuse is not possible, WSPs may not be adequate for areas sensitive to eutrophication (UNEP 2004). The effluent still contains nutrients (e.g. endobj Facultative ponds should be constructed to a depth of 1 to 2.5 m and have a detention time between 5 to 30 days. 1 0 obj To prevent leaching, the ponds should have a liner. rate of 0.6 m 3 of facultative pond effluent per m of RF volume per day was about 9 mg BOD, about 7 mg SS, about 3 mg ammonia-N per liter and 10 to 1,000 fecal coliforms per 100 mL. A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture, Index of dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMENT. 6 0 obj 22 0 obj This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies. PES Dispersion BSP-450 99% White liquid Best Make, C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins 64742-16-1, acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer 99.6% White CAS9003-18-3 crm, Trade Alert - Delivering the latest product trends and industry news straight to your inbox. Anaerobic ponds are built to a depth of 2 to 5 m and have a relatively short detention time of 1 to 7 days. 3 0 obj the wastewater-fed fishponds in Calcutta in India. The purpose of this guide is to assist local contracting authorities and their partners in identifying those sanitation technologies best suited to the different contexts that exist within their town. They are very effective at removing disease-causing organisms (pathogens) from wastewater. Wastewater pond technology with anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds in Trichy, India Wastewater treatment ponds in El Cerrito, Colombia. There has been a critical error on this website. 0000007068 00000 n It is the shallowest of the ponds, ensuring that sunlight penetrates the full depth for photosynthesis to occur. 5 0 obj Before the exit of the stabilization pond, a scum baffle should be installed, but before the advanced treatment pond, no baffle should be installed to avoid trapping algae . %PDF-1.7 The entire depth of this fairly deep man-made lake is anaerobic. They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time stuff. The major variants of pond systems are fully covered, namely: facultative ponds, anaerobic ponds, aerated lagoons, maturation ponds. A study on management and institutional aspects regarding the challenges and possible improvements in managing faecal sludge. Some advantages and disadvantages of facultative lagoons are listed below: Advantages Moderately effective in removing settleable solids, BOD, pathogens, fecal coliform, and ammonia. ). <> !J=WIt@XY>APw~4 r89>g)#l0|#@d{&9 W&+I4@aI\'@ The principal objective of the study was to asses if existing treatment ponds could be used in the future as thickening ponds for the sludge. In cold climates, the HRT and loading may be adjusted. `# ~a8ivHjy2_diw"sfGDl2lG] 1. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 12 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> endobj The last ponds serves for the retention of stabilised solids and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms via heating rise of pH and solar disinfection. 7 0 obj Provides information on the limitations, advantages and disadvantages, applicability, performance, design criteria, operation and maintenance, and costs of such lagoons. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), SHILTON, A. 0000005847 00000 n Lagoon Technology International, RPI 11 0 obj stream In a series of WSPs, the effluent from the anaerobic pond is transferred to the facultative pond, where further BOD is removed. 0000188072 00000 n There are some advantages and disadvantages of the Oxidation ponds for smaller population area: Advantages Oxidation ponds will produce an effluent meeting, the recommended microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost with minimal operational and maintenance requirements. However, expert design is still required (see also developing human resources). The Clinton Water District provides a secondary level of wastewater treatment by using a facultative lagoon system. 90% BOD and TSS; high pathogen reduction and relatively high removal of ammonia and phosphorus; Total HRT: 20 to 60 days, Low capital costs where land prices are low; very low operation costs. <> the article or any translations thereof. As the wastewater flows over the . WSPs are particularly well suited for tropical and subtropical countries because the intensity of the sunlight and temperature are key factors for their efficiency (IRC 2004). G 6fo/lpn`n4JH@29h7g0\{f. Ecosan. Ft#sqD|)qr vDu The first part of the guide contains a planning process and a set of criteria to be completed; these assist you in characterizing each area of intervention so that you are then in a position to identify the most appropriate technical solutions. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright The Water Treatments2008 - 2013. <> Unless they are property maintained, lagoons can provide a breeding area for mosquitoes and other insects. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed-bed systems,. )L HW~B$4vfzWe NwN:3yNRGJC?@B! (a) (0) How would you describe a facultative pond? <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. Comparison of the treatment performance of different waste stabilisation ponds. 5 0 obj They can handle intermittent use and shock loadings better than many systems, making them a good option for campgrounds, resorts, and other seasonal properties. endobj Photosynthetic algae release oxygen into the water and at the same time consume carbon dioxide produced by the respiration of bacteria. ICP16009155-1 | Copyright@Qingdao ECHEMI Technology Co., Ltd. Search more information of high quality chemicals, good prices and reliable suppliers, visit, This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on echemi.com and is provided for information purposes only. b) Facultative Pond, and endobj Communication Accommodation Theory Critical Essay. 2 0 obj 5m . Pond Treatment Technology. Lagoons are one of the most popular methods for wastewater treatment around . Facultative waste stabilization ponds, sometimes referred to as lagoons or ponds, are frequently used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater in the . 0000002114 00000 n However, bad odour cannot be avoided reliably with high loading rates. The straight-line distance between the inlet and the outlet should be as large as possible . endobj The purified sewage is introduced into the artificial lake and used as a water source for landscape and sightseeing . macrophyteor fish ponds). Anaerobic bacteria convert organic carbon into methane and through this process, remove up to 60% of the BOD. In contrast of waste stabilisation ponds where the oxygen required for stabilising the organic matter is furnished by algae, the oxygenation is provided in Aerated . HWn9 ycf2l2k//%qM7db afUS?_$/X{x <> endobj 17 Learn more about troubleshooting WordPress. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. 0000000016 00000 n endobj }{]7%DAZDnO?3CK=Z.l8P*`wR7Oe! 0000003245 00000 n irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. PEARSON, H. Waste or Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, man-made water bodies in which blackwater, greywater or faecal sludge are treated by natural occurring processes and the influence of solar light, wind, microorganisms and algae . <> Besides the poor economic situation and little political support, it is also the lack of training and research that contributes to this situation. Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. 11 0 obj Treatment . The lower layer is deprived of oxygen and becomes anoxic or anaerobic. The wind has an important effect on the behavior of facultative ponds, as it induces vertical mixing of the pond liquid. Advantages of WSPs are Lagoon systems can be cost-effective to design and construct in areas where land is inexpensive. N and P) and is therefore appropriate for the reuse in agriculture , but not for direct recharge in surface waters. Case Study of the Facultative Lagoon System, Gestin de agua y saneamiento sostenible en zonas rurales, http://www.lagoonsonline.com/clinton-water-district.htm, Settle undigested material and non-degradable solids as bottom sludge, Break down biodegradable organic material, Further treat wastewater through sedimentation and aerobic oxidation of organic material, Reduce some disease-causing microorganisms if. However, large surface areas and expert design are required. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two (also available in the SSWM library): (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal. 0000006296 00000 n Ests aqu: research opportunities for high school students fall 2021; lakeside high school football; The most serious disadvantages are a long retention time, the release . Aerobic ponds are usually between 0.5 to 1.5 m deep with a detention time of 15 to 20 days . 1 0 obj High self-help compatibility concerning maintenance. An aerated lagoon can usually discharge throughout the winter while discharge may be prohibited from an ice-covered facultative . For facultative ponds sludge removal is even rarer and maturation ponds hardly ever need desludging. These ponds do not require primary treatment and the added depth is needed to handle the substantial increase in solids loadings. . ()#2mVA'IQ>iJ\&6!K,\/H}Ku3 Qg5#C'N2Qc#l^U$q &n?Sdogl(a0wALSv>oQ;nqs}cHG If the water is reused for irrigation, the salinity of the effluent should be controlled regularly in order to prevent negative impact on the soil structure. This makes them particularly suitable for developing countries where many conventional wastewater treatment plants have failed because water and sewer utilities did not generate sufficient revenue to pay the electricity bill for the plant (IRC 2004) (see also -financing projects). ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of facultative lagoons are listed below: Advantages Moderately effective in removing settleable solids, BOD, pathogens, fecal coliform, and ammonia. 9 0 obj Figure 1: Stabilisation pond configurations: AN = anaerobic pond; F = facultative pond; M = maturation pond 2. 0000001707 00000 n Table 15 provides a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of ponds with those of high-rate biological wastewater treatment processes. 17 0 obj In the case of high salt content, the use of the water for irrigation is not recommended. After proper design, the natural aeration and oxygenation of wind energy can be realized in the stabilization pond, so as to save electric energy and reduce processing energy consumption . CHrc!xGEc3"Xes.pS`yqGR9)G2 www.waterworld.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. % 71 0 obj<>stream endstream FPs loose ammonia into the air at high pH; and settle some nitrogen and phosphorus in the sludge. . Corinna, Main - Corinna Sewer District. The terrain can be fully utilized, and the structure of the structure is simple . Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, man-made water bodies. <> As a result of the photosynthetic activities of the pond algae, there is a diurnal variation in the concentration of dissolved oxygen. H3P0 t^#ssC=sSc3Ke "Rxx- L $adPWS & Yfa PEARSON, H.W. 2. endobj Require little energy, with systems designed to operate with gravity flow. %PDF-1.4 HWr x}tliU@$f/G9EPrT\i Its particular focus is on how DFID assistance can best meet the needs of the urban and rural poor for water supply and sanitation services. N;Pplo+goGW;3cOl#D4VBk`AdU[bL}gg-8~hBI{$()P^-3y(GdS?>c'c%: <>stream The stable pond can not only effectively treat high-concentration organic water, but also low-concentration sewage . <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> (2006): The construction structure is simple, and most of them are earth-rock structures. The effluent from lagoon systems can be suitable for irrigation (where appropriate), because of its high-nutrient and low pathogen content. 1 0 obj endobj However, when mean temperatures fall below 12 C during several month of the years, WSPs seem not to be appropriate (ARTUHR 1983). facultative pond advantages and disadvantagesjewelry district nycjewelry district nyc T w"F:ddH^0% /@ 0[#a%KI E@' _{a~d Q/d"8+ .U p9 GG^tS~0-o_Oa/Vxi>5IJvo}=~4iKuz};p/^x],;^{?-{m*:Vt7u@@7*@ y;tv DG3H.>k+>'//_^V^vzK_^|.^a{uw]+uOZ{uu_Q`dIvP$#&fGF#R0=_ppV f=]%&z\/_uvz/.}=ko_an_]I&^z}-o]_s! EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dorothee Spuhler (seecon international gmbh), Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads, High reducution of solids, BOD and pathogens, High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture, No real problems with flies or odours if designed and maintained correctly, Can be built and repaired with locally available materials, Effluent can be reused in aquaculture or for irrigation in agriculture, High capital cost depending on the price of land, Sludge requires proper removal and treatment, If the effluent is reused, salinity needs to be monitored, Not always appropriate for colder climates. They use less energy than most waste water treatment methods. <> Part B is intended for persons making the preliminary designs on which cost estimates and, hence, choices can be made. <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> <> 1992) and anaerobic ponds do not or only rarely contain algae. endobj I]pc,>}u#A#jOV)viAHdO}t 8 0 obj WSPs are among the most common and efficient methods of wastewater treatment around the world. 9 0 obj The principal mechanisms for faecal bacterial removal in facultative and maturation ponds are HRT, temperature, high pH (> 9), and high light intensity. 8 0 obj This document provides information and instructions on waste stabilisation ponds. FS Management Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives, Clinton Water District. ti raleigh 40th anniversary replica. 0000001643 00000 n <> <>
