Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov [d] (18 May [ O.S. He lacked, however, the strength of will necessary in one who had such an exalted conception of his task. Although he believed in an autocracy, he was eventually forced to create an elected legislature. He is Nicholas II of Russia's second great-grandfather through Alexandra Feodorovna, Alexander II of Russia and Alexander III of Russia. Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the Russian Revolution and later executed along with his family by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16-17 July 1918 in Yekaterinburg. Kate Middleton Makes the Case for Houndstooth. Desperate to find an effective treatment for Alexei, Nicholas II and Alexandra even went so far as to let the monk Rasputin hypnotize the boy. Read more. He strove to regain his former powers and ensured that in the new Fundamental Laws (May 1906) he was still designated an autocrat. He was another first cousin of George V, whose mother, Alexandra of Denmark, was the sister of the Tsars mother, Dagmar of Denmark. The British Empire held sway over some. In April 1915 the equally irresolute Tsar Nicholas II took the fatal step of assuming personal command of the army. Kings were no more guaranteed to be good soldiers or military strategists than they were to be good rulers. WWI family relationships. He didnt sleep with the Tsarina or her daughters, though he did touch and kiss women when meeting them.Thats the scope of the drama Rasputin was at the center of. Romanov Family and Queen Victoria of England Trending / By Redaction Team. Although he believed himself to be an absolute ruler as ordained by God, Nicholas II was eventually forced to concede to creating an elected legislature, called the Duma. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, Nicholas II and his family were murdered by Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin, in Yekaterinburg, Russia, thus ending more than three centuries of the Romanov dynastys rule. Season five, episode six of .css-gegin5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#9a0500;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-gegin5:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}The Crown, Ipatiev House, focuses on the relationship between the British royal family and the Romanovs. For a generation, various members had gathered in England, Russia, Germany, and Denmark for weddings and funerals and summer holidays, just like any other set of relatives. He and his family were then taken to the Ural Mountains and placed under house arrest. It was a war that inflicted untold horrors on both countries. But possibly the best illustration of the British monarch's ability to preserve his own best interests was in the matter of a place of refuge for the Russian Imperial family. Accordingly, the German titles of all kings relatives were relinquished instead, George V created his male relatives British equivalents. Identical cousins! Alexander was a strong influence on Nicholas II, shaping his conservative, religious values and his belief in autocratic government. To his wife, Alexandra, whom he had married on November 26, 1894, Nicholas was passionately devoted. Since the emperor had no experience of war, almost all his ministers protested against this step as likely to impair the armys morale. Though he possessed great personal charm, he was by nature timid; he shunned close contact with his subjects, preferring the privacy of his family circle. Alexandra's mother was Victoria's second daughter, Princess Alice. Investigative Journalism, Two British leaders present cases for and against Britain leaving the European Union (Brexit), Making sense of NATO on the US presidential campaign trail, The Biden administrations two-track Pakistan policy misses the mark. Why were people unhappy with Czar Nicholas II? How were King George and Tsar Nicholas related? - TimesMojo Any ambiguity of ownership was settled very simply after the revolution, for all the Romanov assets in Russia itself were seized by the Bolshevik government. This is one consolation I have, for otherwise the dangers and responsibilities fill me with anxiety.. the Russian Imperial family was left to its fate. Oct 12, 2018 On the night of July 16, 1918, a Bolshevik assassination squad executed Czar Nicholas II, his wife, Alexandra, and their five children, putting an end to the Romanov family. "He loved the fresh air in any season and spent at least two hours in daily exercise out of doorsfour if he had the chance. Were wilhelm ii and nicholas ii related? - kopkg.coolfire25.com By the autumn of 1894, Alexander III was seriously ill. In addition to growing tensions within their respective countries, Russia, Edward VII and Nicholas II did not have the easiest relationship. It is highly unlikely he thought a firing squad awaited his cousin. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, who replaced Witte and carried out the coup of June 16, 1907, dissolving the second Duma, was loyal to the dynasty and a capable statesman. In such cases Nicholas generally hesitated but ultimately yielded to Alexandras pressure. One can appreciate why Kaiser Wilhelm II, at the outbreak of war in 1914, exclaimed that 'Nicky' had 'played him false'. Alexandra turned Nicholass mind against the popular commander in chief, his fathers cousin the grand duke Nicholas, and on September 5, 1915, the emperor dismissed him, assuming supreme command himself. The Tsar and Tsarina of Russia with their English cousins on an earlier visit in 1898, when they called upon Queen Victoria at Balmoral. By now, however, Europe's leading nations were locked in alliances - there was Serbia with Russia, Russia with France, France with Great Britain, Great Britain with Belgium on the one side, and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other. Alexander Alexandrovich ascended the throne as Alexander III that year, and Nicholas II became heir apparent. We take a closer look at the Windsor-Romanov relations. In 1904 Alexandra gave birth to the longed-for male heir, Alexei. The Romanov Family Tree: Real Descendants and Wannabes Even the murder of Rasputin failed to dispel Nicholass illusions: he blindly disregarded this ominous warning, as he did those by other highly placed personages, including members of his own family. Either way, most of them had very little say in the conduct of the war. Witte, whom he blamed for the October Manifesto, was soon dismissed, and the first two Dumas were prematurely dissolved as insubordinate.. Three generations and two royal families sit for a portrait on the Isle of Wight in 1909. His mother was Victoria, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, and his father was Friedrich III, Prince of Prussia. Disregarding the advice of his future prime minister Sergey Yulyevich Witte, he refused to make concessions to the constitutionalists until events forced him to yield more than might have been necessary had he been more flexible. The marriage of Anna Feodorovna and Konstantin Pavlovich was short-lived and bore no children. How were the Tsar and King George related? Grand Duchesses Maria, Tatiana, Anastasia and Olga, daughters of Tsar Nicholas II Romanov of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova. Where there had been a clamour for extended suffrage, they had agreed to it. A new episode of The Crown delves into the bonds between the two families. Prince Andrew Romanoff (born Andrew Andreevich Romanov; 21 January 1923), a grand-nephew of Nicholas II, and a great-great-grandson of Nicholas I, is currently the Head of the House of Romanov.Currently, Andrew Andreevich lives with his wife, the American painter Inez Storer, in Inverness, California. All of Queen Victorias archive and memorabilia connected with her relations to the royal houses of Europe, including Russia, can be found in Osborne House, a former royal residence in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, the United Kingdom. As others have pointed out they were distantly related by blood via a common ancestor. In case youre trying to remember any Russian Emperor named Victor, dont. The Czar Nicholas II: The Last Emperor Of Russia How is Prince Philip related to the Tsar? So Alexandra and Kaiser Wilhelm II were first cousins. Wilhelm was born on the 27th of January 1859 in Berlin, Prussia. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. In illuminating the years before 1914, MacMillan shows the many parallels between then and now, telling an urgent story for our time. By Theo Aronson Nicholas was the first Russian sovereign to show personal interest in Asia, visiting in 1891, while still tsesarevich, India, China, and Japan; later he nominally supervised the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. It didnt take poison and several bullets to kill him. Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) - Wikipedia Neither of them much liked Wilhelm, and their countries were formally allied against Germany. SOVEREIGN to resume publication in 2023. All Rights Reserved. For the rulers of the world's three greatest nations - King George V of Great Britain and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on the one hand, and the German Kaiser on the other - were not simply cousins, they were first cousins. He's the grandson of Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia, who was a first cousin of Nicholas II. When 20-year-old Victoria met Alexander Nikolayevich, the Russian tsarevich and future Emperor Alexander II in 1839, she had already been a Queen for two years and the royal family was actively looking for a husband. What links Queen Victoria to Russia? - Russia Beyond And although monarchy might not have been a perfect system of government, it was perhaps preferable to what followed. How did nicholas ii feel about democracy? - jgoryh.hioctanefuel.com Could the British Royal Family Have Saved the Romanovs? - Town & Country In 1909, 10 years before the assassination of the tsar and his family, two kings and their families gathered for a final meal. Is Prince Albert of Monaco related to the Queen? Alternatively, Prince Philip, who was born on 10June 1921 on the Greek island of Corfu to Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, is related to Queen Victoria through his mothers side. He was indifferent to luxury. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. In the spring of 1918, Russia was engaged in a civil war. On July 17, 1918, the Bolsheviks murdered Nicholas, his family, and their closest retainers. The younger sister of Alexandra, Queen Consort of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Dagmar of Denmark (1847-1928) married the future Tsar Alexander III on 9 November 1866. It was a nice gesture, symbolizing glory: the Russians and the British had just defeated 'that monster Napoleon' [in the 1810s].. What is the difference between Tsar and Czar? Read more about: WW1 The third major royal player in World War One, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, also had a very personal stake in things. This website uses cookies. In the spring of 1918, Russia was engaged in a civil war. Without the support of either the politicians or the generals, the Tsar had to submit. Young Alexander II, back then - tsarevich and heir to the Russian throne. The name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha came into the British Royal Family in 1840 with the marriage of Queen Victoria to Prince Albert, son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha. Back in Russia, the devout Alexandra had already come under the influence of the monk Grigori Rasputin, a holy man who alone seemed able to bring Alexei relief when he was in an acute phase. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russias role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. His downfall brought an end to 3 centuries of rule by the Romanov Dynasty. Two families sat down to dinner aboard the yacht Victoria and Albert on August 2nd, 1909, to be served an exquisitely prepared meal: cold quail, timbales of pear, and glace. But papers released in the 1980s showed that it was George himselffearing that the British monarchy was losing supportwho felt he could not take the risk of welcoming to England a man whom the public decried as a blood-stained tyrant. She, too, could come across as aloof, but hers was a pragmatic nature. In 1891, construction on the Trans-Siberian railroad had begun, connecting Russia with the Pacific Coast. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, who were married for over 70 years, were actually third cousins. Christian's lines of descent in Greece and Britain are how current British monarch Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip are related to one another, and to Victoria. Was Tsar Nicholas II related to Queen Victoria? - Quora Luckily for her, Victoria didnt see it: her life ended in 1901, finishing her incredibly long reign. When Alexander died, the Queen's 26-year-old future grandson became Tsar Nicholas II. The outbreak of World War I temporarily strengthened the monarchy, but Nicholas did little to maintain his peoples confidence. Despite all that was happening, Nicholas II managed to marry Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt (commonly known as .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Alexandra) within a month of Alexander IIIs passing. Alfred ruled as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (a German Duchy). This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. The emperor proved such a devoted family man that his journal entries, which were meant to log official affairs of state, instead focused on the everyday goings-on of his wife and kids. This is something Czar Nicholas doubtless empathized with. In 1904, Japan attacked Russia. Nicholas II of Russia - Wikipedia One aspect of the war upon which she remarks is the close connection among the three principal monarchs of the age, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany; King George V of England; and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Queen Victoria | Nicholas II January 22 is the anniversary of Queen Victoria's death in 1901. The region had been in a state of ferment for years, and the assassination of the heir to the Hapsburg Empire, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian nationalist, was the culmination of a train of events leading inexorably to war. It was long assumed that the British government had overruled George V, who was a constitutional monarch. Her relatives were murdered by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution in 1918, and she was a distant cousin of Russia's last tsar, Nicholas II. Is the royal family related to Queen Victoria? It wasnt Queen Victoria who shaped the British foreign policy, as she relied on her governmental leaders, but she strongly supported the anti-Russian cause. He was also married to her granddaughter, Alix (Alexandra) of Hesse and thus her grandson-in-law. In spite of his government's offer of asylum, George V argued against it - why? How was Tsar Nicholas related to Kaiser Wilhelm? Author of. "The lamps are going out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime," British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey remarked on the eve of their entry into war on the side of Russia. The Romanovs 1909 journey, when they all made a point of going ashore to the Isle of Wight to see Queen Victorias once-beloved Osborne House, took place towards the end of the Edwardian Long Summer, a time marked by leisurely teas and emerald-lawn garden parties and novels by E.M. Forster. He had few intellectual pretensions but delighted in physical exercise and the trappings of army life: uniforms, insignia, parades. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. As both were directly related to Queen Victoria, the two share the same bloodline. Princess Alix of Hesse (1872-1918) was Queen Victoria's granddaughter. For more information, see www.nancybilyeau.com. Kaiser Wilhelm II (Willie) was particularly assiduous in keeping touch with his cousins Georgie and Nicky. Whatever the powers of these rulers - whether they were autocrats as in Russia, or virtually powerless constitutional monarchs as in Great Britain - their prestige and position remained almost intact. Prince George, arriving with his parents on the Victoria and Albert, brought his wife, Mary of Teck, their daughter, Mary, and their oldest son, 15-year-old David. But there certainly was love between the future Emperor Nicholas II and his bride, which consoled Victoria to some extent. His domestic life was serene. Nicholas was the first Russian sovereign to show personal interest in Asia, visiting in 1891, while still tsesarevich, India, China, and Japan; later he nominally supervised the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In his absence, the empress grew increasingly withdrawn and ever more dependent on Rasputin, who heavily influenced her political view on matters at home. The Last Czar Of Russia, Nicholas II, Was A Dead Ringer For - Grunge Season five, episode six of .css-gegin5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#9a0500;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-gegin5:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}The Crown, Ipatiev House, focuses on the relationship between the British royal family and the Romanovs, and how Prince Philip's DNA helped to identify the Romanovs' remains. Before it happened, can anyone blame this family of kings, or their subjects, for assuming that a war between these crowned cousins was all but impossible? Queen Victoria herself was the last monarch of the House of Hanover. Nicholas also had other irresponsible favourites, often men of dubious probity who provided him with a distorted picture of Russian life, but one that he found more comforting than that contained in official reports. Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Nicholas was still headquartered at Mogilev at the time. I never wanted to become one. Therefore, its not particularly surprising that Philip was also a descendant of George II, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and King Christian IX of Denmark.The tsarina was Queen Victorias granddaughter Philips great-aunt and that meant that she shared mitochondrial DNA with Prince Philip. Nicholas was also married to Alexandra, daughter of Alexander . After the Duma elected their own provisional committee built of progressive bloc members, and the soldiers sent to quash the St. Petersburg riots mutinied, Nicholas II had no other choice but to step down from the monarchy. His mother was Victoria, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, and his father was Friedrich III, Prince of Prussia. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, a descendant of King Edward VII, is currently the oldest living great-great-grandchild of Queen Victoria as well as her oldest living descendant. What Winston Churchill once described as 'the old world in its sunset' had never been captured more brilliantly than at the funeral of King Edward VII in May 1910. On July 16, 1918, imprisoned Czar Nicholas II, his wife, and their five children were awoken in the middle of the night and led down to a basement room. The last Russian tsar, Nicholas II, was executed by the Soviet government in 1918. Stolypin was one of those who dared to speak out about Rasputins influence and thereby incurred the displeasure of the empress. How is Queen Elizabeth related to Tsar Nicholas? - Quora On January 5, 1905, Father George Gapon led a sizable but peaceful demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. She had the strength of character that he lacked, and he fell completely under her sway. The battle of Balaclava of 1854, during the Crimean War. Nicholas IIs handling of Bloody Sunday and World War I incensed his subjects and led to his abdication. Mary, intelligent and bookish, was no beauty and was never a favorite of Queen Victorias ether. BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Nonetheless, it is a sensitive subject in the royal family to this day. Not only did the two men share many interests; they were eerily similar in appearance. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Rendering them unassailable (or so they fondly imagined) was the fact that the monarchs of Europe were all closely related. Kaiser Wihelm's mother was Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. The Tsarina was Queen Victorias granddaughter. After Russia entered World War I, Nicholas left the capital to assume command of the army. When Nicholas II was 19 years old he joined the army. Not knowing Marie, and realizing that there may still be many difficulties, my thoughts and feelings are rather mixed, Victoria wrote in her diary. King George V and his physically similar cousin Tsar Nicholas II in German military uniforms in Berlin, 1913. Nothing could better have symbolised the extraordinary early 20th-century flowering of European monarchy than this spectacular parade. Other grandchildren became monarchs in their own right or consorts. No less misguided was his decision to leave the capital in the hands of his stronger-willed consort, the Empress Alexandra, who was entirely under the influence of the mysterious starets (spiritual advisor) Rasputin. Maria Feodorovna provided a nurturing family environment during Nicholas IIs upbringing. 2 March] 1917. March | 2023 | Nicholas II He met the rising groundswell of popular unrest with intensified police repression. She always signed all documents using the name under which she went down in history: Victoria. At the very least, Edward came on too strong. The daughters were photographed wearing their favorite white dresses and large hats. Theo Aronson portrays the European Royal Families at War. Eventually, distrust of the German Kaiser brings Victoria and the Tsar closer together. King Georg. Victoria is known as the grandmother of Europe as her children married into royal families across the continent. While George and Nicholas were close friends for years, no such affinity ever seems to have existed between Alexandra and Mary, themselves cousins. In 1917, the British king George V (1865-1936) decided to break relations with his two cousins, German Emperor Wilhelm II (1859-1941) and Russian Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918). Is Czar Nicholas related to Queen Victoria? On such giant waves, they could only bob about like so many corks. How many descendants of Queen Victoria are alive today? Nicholas and Alexandra had visited Balmoral in 1896 with baby Olga, but this was the first visit to England by all five Romanov children. The two families were intertwined twice by blood: Nicholass Danish mother, Marie, was the sister of Edwards wife, Queen Alexandra, while Czarina Alexandra's mother was the favorite granddaughter of Queen Victoria, King Edward's mother. It is also remarkable that Anna Feodorovnas sister, Princess Antoinette (1779-1824), was the aunt of the Russian Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I (1796-1855), because she married Duke Alexander of Wrttemberg (17711833), brother of Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Wrttemberg) (1759-1828), who became wife of Paul I of Russia (1754-1801) and the mother of Nicholas I and Alexander I. Victoria, who reigned Great Britain from 1837 to 1901, despised Russia and always rivaled it in the international arena. Nevertheless, while Alix lived in Germany, Victorias influence wasnt overwhelming, so the queen had to tolerate her relatives decision once again. For food, he favored simple Russian dishes like beetroot soup, cabbage soup, or porridge.. 14 November] 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March [ O.S. But storm clouds were gathering on this summer visit. He spent three years in service before touring Europe and Asia for an additional 10 months. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, King George V of Britain and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany were cousins. Theyre both related to Queen Victoria, who had nine kids: four sons and five daughters. Born in Madrid, Romanov is the son of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna Romanova, the self-proclaimed heir to Russias imperial throne. He called her Motherdear and never seems to have craved an emotional boundary. Tsar Nicholas Ii Queen Victoria. Everyone found them modest and charming, wrote Helen Rapaport in her book The Race to Save the Romanovs. She was a first cousin of Tsar Nicholas, as they shared a grandfather, Tsar. Tsar Nicholas II in Bjrk, 1905 (L) / Queen Elizabeth II visits HMS Ocean on March 20, 2015 in Plymouth, England (R). They left, to our great regret, Mary wrote to her absent son Bertie, the future George VI, who was in bed with whooping cough and had to miss it all. Wilhelms mother was the sister of Georges father; Georges mother and Nicholas mother were sisters from the Danish royal family. Nicholas II | Biography, Wife, Abdication, Death, & Facts After Nicholas II, George Vs first cousin, was overthrown from the Russian throne during the Revolution of 1917, the British Government offered Nicholas II and his family political asylum but George V opposed this decision, seeing the Romanovs presence in his country inappropriate. Russias defeat not only frustrated Nicholass grandiose dreams of making Russia a great Eurasian power, with China, Tibet, and Persia under its control, but also presented him with serious problems at home, where discontent grew into the revolutionary movement of 1905. Passionate about the military, Nicholas II rose to the rank of colonel. To make matters worse, his father failed to provide him with much training in affairs of state. Although he was the crown prince of Russia, while in the military he attended few political meetings except for those held by the state council and the committee of ministers. As the digital director for Town & Country, Caroline Hallemann covers culture, entertainment, and a range of other subjects, .css-1du65oy{color:#323232;display:block;font-family:NewParis,Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0.3125rem;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1du65oy:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.3125rem;line-height:1.2;}}Holy Oil Ready For King Charles's Coronation, Harry & Meghan Reportedly in Talks Over Frogmore, Charles & Camila Will Visit France & Germany, William & Kate Reunite with Norwegian Royals, Kate Recreated a Past Outfit for St. David's Day, Royals Confirmed to Attend Charles's Coronation. . He had received a military education from his tutor, and his tastes and interests were those of the average young Russian officers of his day. Not one but two crowned monarchs were dining that evening: England's King Edward VII and his nephew, Russia's Czar Nicholas II. Queen Victoria and her husband Albert had 9 children and 42 grandchildren. Because the burgeoning middle classes had demanded legal constitutions, the monarchs had granted them. After he married, it was his mother, not his wife, who picked out all the furniture for York Cottage, the house George and Mary, who had six children, lived in for 33 years. Weak as water was the private opinion Edward VII held of his nephew, while the shy and reserved Nicholas felt that the gregarious King Edward patronized him. Tsar Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra and baby Grand Duchess Olga with Queen Victoria of England. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Given her attitude towards Russia, Victoria was not particularly happy about her second son Prince Alfred marrying Maria Alexandrovna, the only daughter of Alexander II, in St. Petersburg but she had to put up with it as the prince was in love with Maria. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox.
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