Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. Books. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Categories . The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. The Steamboat Adventure. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Wikipedia entry. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Revised on November 11, 2022. Biographies of historical and famous people. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. Click the title for location and availability information. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). A primary source (also called original . He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. . [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Roman military leaders. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. . The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. Historical documents : how to read them. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Gill. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Websites. Updated on October 07, 2019. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Making of America. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Encyclopedias. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. Tweet. . 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. sulla primary sources. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event .
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