The team was then ordered to reenter the silo to turn on an exhaust fan. (Not coincidentally, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee at the time the missiles were installed was Arkansas Democrat Wilbur Mills.) Founder, Native American Journalists Association. Copyright 2023, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. The first Titan II missile in Arkansas was installed in a silo near Searcy in 1963. Investigators later discovered that a welder working on level 3 had "hit a hydraulic line with his welding rod, rupturing the hose and causing the spray of hydraulic fuel to catch fire." But spend any amount of time here and you'll forget that you're underground," he said. There do remain some active missile silos, in montana, north dakota, and at warren air force base, which is in both colorado and wyoming. But we dealt with hydrazine [the fuel] and nitrogen tetroxide [the oxidizer] every day. President Ronald Reagan announced the retirement of the Titan II program, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev signed the START Treaty in 1991. The first thing that makes this particular route interesting is the still active missile silos that dot the highway from Kimball to the Colorado border. The large master bed appears to be floating above the floor, thanks to a creatively designed cantilever. They were Titan II missile silos that housed nuclear weapons on a Gemini rocket, designed to be launched into space in under one minute. Of course the flies didn't swarm on us until we opened the tailgate and started to prepare our lunch. The remaining half, the author David K. Stumpf writes in Titan II: A History of the Cold War Missile Program, had launched into the air and spun 180 degrees before landing back on the ground. Missile Guidance Speed Image AIM-7 Sparrow: Semi-active radar homing: Mach 4: AIM-9 Sidewinder: Infrared homing: Unverified (Mach 2.7) AIM-120 AMRAAM: Active radar homing: An eye-opening journey through the history, culture, and places of the culinary world. By the evening of December 3, 1960, eight tests had already failed because of minor equipment malfunctions, Stumpf writes. The Air Force refused to confirm or deny if a nuclear weapon was involved in the explosioneven to Vice President Walter Mondale, who was in Arkansas that day for the state Democratic convention, trying to help the states young governor, Bill Clinton, in a re-election bid. During the Cold War, Arkansas played a role in the protection of the nation by housing a series of intercontinental ballistic missiles across otherwise peaceful farmland. A concussion of wind hit me like a truck, and I slid 60 feet, and every foot, it felt like I was going faster. NORTHERN WELD COUNTY If it weren't for the 184-foot tall antenna tower stretching far above the prairie, many . Missile nosecones from Titan IIs in Arkansas are dismantled. These missiles had a range of 5,500 miles, but they required a high level of upkeep. Created with Sketch. Titan II rockets were adapted to use in the space program and launched the first Gemini manned missions in the early 1960s. On the night of September 18, 1980, a Titan II missile carrying a thermonuclear warhead exploded in rural Arkansas. The likely missile field, comprising 120 silos that could potentially house weapons capable of reaching the United States mainland, was documented by researchers at the James Martin Center for . We always take Highway 71 South taking us through Kimball, Nebraska and Limon, Colorado coming out at Highway 25 at Trinidad, Colorado. This design allows the structure to absorb the force from a nearby nuclear strike, with eight giant springs serving as shock absorbers. But the site King and Phillips were driving to in their company Dodge Omni was worse. King was part owner of KGFL-AM in Clinton, Arkansas. There was a lot of white smoke, Ayala tells Popular Mechanics, but it was hydrazine.. If you saw footage from the massive explosion in Beirut this past August, King says, you saw what he saw that morning. There are only a few places in the United States where you can tour a former nuclear missile silo, but only one with luxury accommodations where you can also host a party, and its only a few hours away. The fuels so volatile, it could explode on its own, Greg Devlin, who was a 21-year old Airman in the U.S. Air Force at Damascus on the night of the explosion, tells Popular Mechanics. "When we designed this, it was designed for couples as a kind-of getaway space," Hill said. Investigations including a congressional inquiry delved into the Damascus tragedy. This area now serves as a bedroom with two queen-sized beds or can be rearranged to be used a conference/presentation area with chairs and two interactive whiteboards. Had the Cold War ever turned hot, it was capable of being launched in one minute and could deliverits 9 megaton warhead to a target 9,000 miles away. Since that time there have been hundreds of Atlas, Titan, Minuteman and Peacekeeper sites constructed all the way from Texas to North Dakota, New Mexico to Montana. A look inside Level 2 of the Titan Ranch in Vilonia, a decommissioned Titan II nuclear missile facility, featuring two-queen sized beds and a spiral staircase. It turned out a worker doing routine maintenance on one of the missiles had dropped a nine-pound socket. The missile sites in Arkansas fanned out from the base into Cleburne, Conway, Faulkner, Van Buren and White counties. Now she writes adventures to send her characters on journeys, too. That's a multimillion dollar project to do anything with it," he said. Jimmy Roberts and Donald Green saw the explosion. Three years later the Pangburn launch site was rocked by an explosion which killed 53 of the 55 contract workers doing maintenance work. USS Cyclops Is the Navys Last Missing Big Ship, Russias New Warhead Is an Engine of Destruction, How Drones and Sats Have Given Ukraine a Chance. It takes a certain mental toughness. In 1965, a civilian welder working on upgrades in an Arkansas silo accidentally hit a hydraulic line, causing a fire that killed 53 of the 55 workers there that day. A 1961 decommissioned Atlas-F intercontinental ballistic missile silo complex is for sale. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. They were situated in north-central Arkansas to ensure ready access to Little Rock Air Force Base, where the 308th Strategic Missile Wing coordinated the work in Arkansas. First Security Bank, Member FDIC. View of the nose of a Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile sitting in its 150-foot deep underground launch pad at McConnell Air Force Base near Wichita, Kansas, circa 1965. This photograph is considered public domain and has been cleared for release. It is a long and lonely route. It's time for your real estate portfolio to go ballistic! The triad, along with assigned . Airmen Jeffrey Plumb and David Powell were in the silo working on the missile. The tanks that held the rockets fuel and oxidizers broke open, mixed, and exploded. At about 3 a.m., the two men returned to the surface to await further instructions. The initial explosion catapulted the 740-ton silo door away from the silo and ejected the second stage and warhead. Thats why a Propellant Transfer System (PTS) crew was in the silo in the early evening of September 18, 1980, at the end of a long day, pressurizing the fuel tank of the missile (which, in a morbid coincidence, was the same one that 15 years earlier was in the silo that caught fire). The Damascus Titan missile explosion (also called the Damascus accident[1]) was a 1980 U.S. nuclear weapons incident involving a Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). For us, there were two, queen size beds set up for my children. In his official statement in the investigation, Kennedy said it didnt make sense: Why would you energize an electrical circuit in a fuel leak? Livingston flipped the switch and then came topside. Airbnb feels you, so now you can for $324 a night. Warren Air Force Base oversees ICBM fields that cover parts of Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado. Theres a unique history surrounding Little Rock, Arkansas that you may not know about. The countdown to launch started and thenright before the signal to ignite the rocket would have been givenit was stopped. Placed on the western edges of the Soviet Union due to their limited range of 2,000 kilometers, the Sandals could . Taxi from niagara falls ny to canada. This document may not be reprinted without the express written permission of Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. Material from the Associated Press is Copyright 2023, Associated Press and may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. I was living out of state at the time, but the disaster was covered in depth by the national press. I have a thyroid condition, Ayala says. The United States built many missile silos in the Midwest, away from populated areas. During the next year, the other 18 missile silos in central Arkansas received ICBMs, and Jan. 1, 1964, all silos in Arkansas were active and on alert status. Neither these AP materials nor any portion thereof may be stored in a computer except for personal and noncommercial use. I enjoyed a cup of coffee in the master suite thanks to the in-room coffee bar and read a few more chapters. "That's one of the very few things about the Titan IIs that remain classified," he said. On the way up, Livingston and Kennedy were told to turn an exhaust fan on. Walking across the gangplank feels something like a sci-fi movie, and my childrens insistence on bringing Star Wars costumes was rather apropos. The warhead was found 100 feet from the launch complex. After a decommissioned Titan II missile silo in Arizona was sold in just two weeks late last year, two more desert silos . Feeling very unwelcome we decided to try reaching Limon, Colorado, before dark. A civilian crew was working throughout all nine floors of the missile silo, which plunged 150 into the ground. Fueled and ready to go 24 hours a day, Titan IIs could be ready to go at a moment's notice. A total of 54 Titan II missiles, capable of going from launch to a target 8,000 miles away in about half an hour, were installed in Arizona, Kansas, and Arkansas. Owen Sims, a cattle farmer, says he is breathing easier now that the last Titan 2 nuclear missile silo, situated over a ridge less than 2,000 feet from his home, has been dismantled. Theres a real risk right now. A far more deadly disaster struck a Titan launch site near Searcy in White County on Aug. 9, 1965, resulting in the deaths of 53 men. Pen & Quin: International Agents of Intrigue - The Mystery of the Painted Book is her debut novel. Three of the Arkansas launch sites--in White, Van Buren, and Faulkner counties--have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was forecast as a beautiful day so we decided to pack a lunch, find a nice spot along the highway and enjoy our lunch. The Doomsday Clock is at 100 seconds to midnight., The odds of a city being destroyed are probably the highest since World War II, says Schlosser. The station called King while he was eating at sales representative Tom Phillipss home. So the Titans stayed in placeand demonstrated time and again their peril. While these missiles were retired in 1987, the company that made them, Martin-Marietta (by then Lockheed Martin) took them back and reconditioned them for space use. The first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) silos arrived on the Great Plains in 1959 when Atlas sites were constructed in Wyoming. Two years earlier, a trailer at Damascus leaked oxidizer, the component that mixes with rocket fuel to propel a rocket into space or toward a strategic target. While researching what was going to be a book about warfare in space, journalist Eric Schlosser heard the story of the Damascus explosion. As was the case with the Pangburn disaster, the explosion at the Damascus launch site resulted from routine maintenance work. Frustrated, Mondale had to call Secretary of Defense Harold Brown and pull rank, saying, Goddammit, Harold, Im the vice president of the United States, to find out it was, in fact, carrying a nuclear warhead. Top: Vanderberg Air Force Base, for reference. The Air Force also chose two other states to site Titan II missiles: Arizona and Kansas. I turned to Sergeant Green and said, Man, aint that pretty, before I realized what it was, Roberts said in a statement during the investigation. They were simple-looking white canisters. regarding use of images of identifiable personnel, appearance of endorsement, and related matters. While renovating, GT decided to put in a spiral staircase to save space and it adds to the industrial ambiance. Robert Rhodus, the test conductor for the company that had built the missile, watched in fascination as the elevator, carrying a missile fully loaded with propellants, plummeted to the bottom of the silo, Stumpf writes. Moving down from level two is the kitchen and entertainment space on level one. We backed out of the room quickly and asked for another room. An official website of the United States government, 19th AW InfoSplash & Digital Bulletin Board, Sexual Assault Prevention & Response Office, https://www.dimoc.mil/resources/limitations, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. It took six years to retire the missiles, demolish the launch ducts and fill in the silos with debris. He was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard with the Class of 1990. On September 19, 1980, a second tragedy struck the 308th Strategic Missile Wing. The missiles were stored in massive underground silos, which were constructed in the early 1960s and closed in the early 1980s. We hurriedly put our food away, closed the hatchback and put some distance between ourselves and the pasture. On May 22, 1958, a crew was servicing Nike missiles at a site in Middletown, N.J. One missile exploded, starting a chain reaction that set off seven others, causing what the Associated Press . As my stepdaughter Sarah, a rodeo girl, used to say about the distance between Rapid City and Faith, South Dakota when asked the distance, "About as far as you can drive and 20 miles more." Senator David Pryor's office had been concerned about the safety of the Titan sites since January 1978 when a cloud of toxic vapor was accidentally released at the Damascus launch site, resulting in four hospitalizations. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Miraculously, only one person died: Livingston, in a local hospital the day after the explosion of pulmonary edema, sometimes called dry drowning. All three floors of the LCC do not actually connect to the walls and are instead suspended from the ceiling, reminiscent of a giant birdcage. The blaze occurred while the 750-ton silo lid was closed, which contributed to a reduced oxygen level for the men who survived the initial fire. Matthew Kroenig, a Defense Department adviser during the Trump administration, suggested in a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed that "the Pentagon should . Sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused! This released a cloud of noxious gas, leaving a few people sick and eager to file lawsuits. Over its 25 years in the service, the Titan II series had it share of accidents, two of the most well-known occurring in Arkansas. Janet Choate: An Everyday Hero of Small-Town U.S.A. Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety, National Register of Historic Places listings in Van Buren County, Arkansas, "Titan II Missile Explosion (1980) Encyclopedia of Arkansas", "Missile silo blast kills 1, hurts 21; no radiation leak", "Colonel Replaced in Action Linked to Fatal Titan Explosion", "Command and Control American Experience WGBH PBS", "Air Force truck removes damaged warhead", "Titan warhead flown to nuclear arms plant", "Season 4, Episode 4 Nuke Kids on the Block", "The night we almost lost Arkansas a 1980 nuclear Armageddon that almost was", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_Damascus_Titan_missile_explosion&oldid=1137032445, National Register of Historic Places in Van Buren County, Arkansas, September 1980 events in the United States, Nuclear accidents and incidents in the United States, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 12:19. Livingston reentered the silo to carry out the order and shortly thereafter, at about 3:00 a.m., the hypergolic fuel exploded likely due to arcing in the exhaust fan. I heard somebody yelling "Help me! These shortcomings led to the rapid development of the Titan II missiles, which would become part of the three-pronged nuclear strategy the U.S. military used for the next 25 years. The missile survived the fires and was not damaged. [14], In September 2013, Eric Schlosser published a book titled Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety. Possibly a fuel leak. Delta- 09 was believed to be assigned the name "Cassandra's Missile . The first Titan II missile in Arkansas was installed in a silo near Searcy in 1963. "When it came to mutually assured destruction, the U.S might only have 30 minutes to respond to a Soviet nuclear attack. Today, theres still a giant hole in the ground, now overgrown and given over to wild animals. Accepted file types: jpg, png, Max. Then it faded into relative obscurity. We were joined by GT himself, who gave us an incredible tour, along with stories about the restoration effort and a few SNAFU moments during the massive project. We were so used to it that it didnt scare us.. At around 6:30 p.m. CDT on Thursday, September 18, 1980, two airmen from a Propellant Transfer System (PTS) team were checking the pressure on the oxidizer tank of a USAF Titan II missile at Little Rock AFB's Launch Complex 374-7. The demon core that killed two scientists, the underground test that didnt stay that way, One man died and more than 20 others were injured. Sound good? The team had met its goal. They all knew each other. GT has renovated the second level to be a multipurpose space, complete with projectors, a sound system, party lights, multiple whiteboards, and tables and chairs if needed. The aim was to bring the weapon right up to the point where it could be launched, without actually sending it off: They needed to know the missile would be ready to use in attack, if needed. The SALT I Treaty, signed in 1972 by the U.S. and Soviet Union, allowed for the Titans to be traded for more missile submarines, but Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev wouldnt sign the treaty without assurances the trade wouldnt happen. They dont know where the warhead is, King recalls being told. "This whole facility was designed to shake to survive in case of war," Hill said. Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) systems were . Thats the idea of the Titan II. Itll be in a port in a shipping container or something like that.. In a Sept. 12, 2014 photo, Teri Kramer points out an escape hatch over from www.washingtontimes.com. Many of these locations hold warheads awaiting dismantlement. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). Before the unit inactivated, a Mark VI re-entry vehicle from the last Titan II ICBM on alert status in Strategic Air Command was dedicated in Heritage Park. Also some used to be in Arkansasthe Titan or Atlas missilesuntil one blew its fuel loadbecause of a dropped wrenchand threw its payload quite a distance. Required fields are marked *. It's what happened on the journey that prompts this week's column. "Then there was the water.". In Arkansas, three launch sites remain with both launch pads and control centers. Warren Air Force Base In Wyoming. Offer subject to change without notice. He started the radio station after his previous employer, Dogpatch, a Li'l Abner theme park, went belly-up. This isnt ancient history, Schlosser, who wrote Command and Control, the seminal book about the Damascus incident and the history of nuclear weapons in America, tells Popular Mechanics. By 1986 these sites were all decommissioned and destroyed. A piece of Cold War history is now available as an Airbnbproperty. A look inside Level 3 of the Titan Ranch in Vilonia, featuring the facility's emergency escape tunnel and ladder. Nodak, based in Grand Forks, served 55 missile silos around the region. Its safety features prevented any loss of radioactive material or nuclear detonation. (Kennedy died in 2011 at the age of 56.) Part of HuffPost Wellness. Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) were developed in response to the Soviet Union achieving nuclear capabilities. Be sure to fill out all the fields in order to have yours selected. The 308th Strategic Missile Wing was created and operated from the base, overseeing the missiles, [], Your email address will not be published. The first disaster occurred on August 9, 1965 at launch complex 373-4, located near Searcy. You think things will take a year, but they really take five years.". And Mondale then refused to confirm or deny when he was asked about it at the state convention. He was the first Native American ever inducted into the South Dakota Newspaper Hall of Fame in 2007. Since it was very hot outside I asked this cadaver of a man, "What's the temperature." It was time-consuming and costly, but thanks to GTs determination to recover and preserve some history, you can experience it firsthand by touring or staying the night at Titan Ranch. My son was absolutely thrilled to learn how to use the tablet to control the lights in the room. It took a while to locate the nine-megaton nuclear warhead in the dark and gloom; it was still intact and not leaking. The PTS crew stayed at the site as an investigative crewDevlin, Rex Hukle, David Livingston, and Jeffrey K. Kennedyarrived. In the silo, they have a close-up view of the missile from less than ten feet away. That night, the only clue we had that it was way past bedtime was our fatigue. So every minute counted.". Associated Press text, photo, graphic, audio and/or video material shall not be published, broadcast, rewritten for broadcast or publication or redistributed directly or indirectly in any medium. Air Force crews reacted quickly to the disaster, putting out fires and searching for survivors. Unsettling as that history may be, its worth it just to say you did it. Titan Ranch began hosting conferences and meetings in 2019, and added its AirBnB listing in November 2020. On the night of September 18, 1980, a Titan II missile carrying a thermonuclear warhead exploded in rural Arkansas. Pieces of debris were taken away from the 400 acres (1.6km2) surrounding the facility, and the site was buried under a mound of gravel, soil, and small concrete debris. The first missile silo was listed in november 2019 for $395,000, and sold for $420,000. Bottom: Damascus after the explosion. Devlin, now retired in Florida and a childrens book author, says he has osteoporosis and believes the hydrazine he inhaled caused it. Titan Ranch missile control center comes with a full kitchen, stocked with drinks refrigerator, and a massive projector equipped with multiple movie streaming options along with some saved movies. At the end of the 1950s, the United States military began developing the Titans as part of its growing supply of intercontinental ballistic missiles. Is Russias Only Aircraft Carrier Cursed? The Air Force decided to take measures to improve security within the launch complexes. But the investigative crew was in a holding position for a while, and finally, around 1 a.m., Devlin and Hukle went into the silo. They were given codes on paper, to be confirmed by the crew in place for a changeover, and the paper was burned. 2023 Farmers Bank & Trust. The silo which housed the Gemini missile is sealed off and still remains destroyed. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Only in Arkansas. An airman dropped a wrench socket and it fell 80 feet and pierced the thin skin of the rockets first stage fuel tank. I . After nearly being run over by the sheriff, King and Phillips jumped in their car and took off. Arkansas' missiles were manned and operated by airmen from the Little Rock Air Force Base in Jacksonville, Arkansas, with air bases near Tucson, Arizona, and Wichita, Kansas, maintaining nearby Titan II silos there. He was a 19-year-old missile technician, a new trainee, riding with another guy, David Powell, who was showing Plumb the ropes. Eighteen were in Arkansas, from which intercontinental ballistic missiles carrying nine-megaton nuclear warheads could be launched to strike targets as far as 5,500 miles away. The initial PTS team was sent home. From 1963 to 1987, crews maintained the missiles on 24-hour alert and . Missile Site 8 in Green Valley, Arizona, is a national historic landmark and the home of the Titan Missile Museum. The 390th Strategic Missile Wing, headquartered at Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, was active from 1962-84 and had command of the 18 sites in Southern Arizona. The nearly 4,000 square-foot LCC now sleeps six comfortably and can hold as many as 70 visitors for a meeting or conference. Further, any commercial or non-commercial use of this photograph or any other From there, we watched a video all about the missile base, the history, and the long and difficult renovation. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. Cleaning Up America's Worst Nuclear Waste Dump, Why Russian Hybrid Warfare Failed in Ukraine, Titan II: A History of a Cold War Missile Program, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. The following is a list of active missiles of the United States military. What you may not know is that at one time, there were 18 ICBM (intercontinental nuclear missile) silos surrounding the Little Rock area. Where's this story? 75) of Scorpion is largely based on this event. The united states built many missile silos in the midwest, away from populated areas. The missile was not armed at the time. Police discussing evacuation plans after the explosion. The entire motel was quite ramshackled and we entered number 20 with trepidation. Illustration: Ada Amer/Background image: Public Domain. The control room space sits on level two of an internal, solid steel birdcage structure. It is eerie to see military vehicles and military personnel going to and from these scary silos in the middle of wheat country. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We select one featured photo per week, but we show many more in our gallery. I said, We just left a bunch of dead people back there. He said Yeah, I know. We were sick about it. Only two men escaped the silo, both telling stories of horror. Originally, the launch control center had standard steps to reach multiple levels. Civilian construction workers were working in all nine levels of the launch duct, painting and flushing the hydraulic systems that operated the steel platforms beside the missile. Visitors to the site first descend down the 50 feet to a concrete pad, where they are greeted by the first of two 6,000-pound blast doors, one of which was kept closed at all times during the Cold War. 6. The first launch complex completed was situated near Pangburn northwest of Searcy, going operational on July 31, 1962. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Fuel vapor started to fill the silo. If a rocket could be launched into space, it could also be launched at something, and far faster than bombers could fly to targets to drop their payloads. If you need to flag this entry as abusive. It appears that you're using a severely outdated version of Safari on Windows. He was also the station manager and news reporter. It is eerie to see military vehicles and military personnel going to and from these scary silos in the middle of wheat country. The first ICBMs, called Atlas, were ready by 1959 and deployed at air force bases around the nation. Today, the area is home to one of the most mind-blowing destinations in the state. The missile silo itself is one of the few remaining atlas f silos that is naturally dry, with many interior levels and crib structure. All that was left to do was return the missile back to its silo and remove the dangerous oxidizer. AddThis Utility Frame. From Level 2, visitors may climb a spiral staircase to Level 1which previously served as the crew's sleeping quarters and kitchen or descend to Level 3, which housed the communication equipment that kept the facility connected to the larger world. Little Rock, Conway, Searcy, Benton, Heber Springs, Fayetteville, Bentonville, Springdale, Fort Smith, Jonesboro, West Memphis, Batesville, Mountain View, Hot Springs, Pine Bluff, Texarkana, Arkadelphia. The unique Cold War-era relic is part of an 11-acre Kansas lot on the market for $380,000. The Damascus Titan missile explosion (also called the Damascus accident) was a 1980 U.S. nuclear weapons incident involving a Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Tell Us About the Most Amazing Parts of Tulsa, Oklahoma! Level 3 also contains the facility's emergency escape tunnel and ladder. You know you're definitely in someplace different, but we wanted to make it nice enough that you didn't think you were in a silo.".
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