*** Id really like everyone to understand that the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccines strongly outweigh the very small risk of serious side effects. Kyt V, Sipil J, Rautava P. The effects of gender and age on occurrence of clinically suspected myocarditis in adulthood. Myocarditis | American Heart Association Comparisons of the risk of myopericarditis between COVID-19 patients and individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccines: a population-based study. COVID-19 Therapeutics: Use, Mechanism of Action, and Toxicity (Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Immunotherapeutics). View Large Download. Department of Health and Human Services. U.S. reviewing if Moderna shot tied to higher heart inflammation risk Broken down by age and sex, a second dose of the Moderna vaccine was associated with a higher rate of myocarditis or pericarditis compared with a second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine among males ages 18 to 24 (adjusted rate ratio 6.6; 95% CI 3.3-13.2) and 25 to 39 (adjusted rate ratio 5.1; 95% CI 2.3-11.5), as well as females ages 18 to . Incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among US persons infected with SARS-CoV-2. * Persons who lack the listed symptoms but who meet other criteria may be classified as subclinical myocarditis (probable or confirmed). Using the Dallas criteria (Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Viral infections, including COVID-19, are most often the cause,2 but other diseases, as well as some drugs and toxins, can also cause myocarditis. . Reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination are rare. Myocarditis is more common after covid-19 infection than vaccination Myocarditis Risk Varies by COVID-19 Vaccine Type, Dosing Interval Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices COVID-19 Vaccines Work Group: Edward Belongia, Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute; Dayna Bowen Matthew, George Washington University Law School; Oliver Brooks, National Medical Association; Jillian Doss-Walker, Indian Health Service; Marci Drees, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Jeffrey Duchin, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Kathy Kinlaw, Center for Ethics, Emory University; Doran Fink, Food and Drug Administration; Sandra Fryhofer, American Medical Association; Jason M. Goldman, American College of Physicians; Michael Hogue, American Pharmacists Association; Denise Jamieson, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Jeffery Kelman, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; David Kim, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Susan Lett, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; Kendra McMillan, American Nurses Association; Kathleen Neuzil, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Sean OLeary, American Academy of Pediatrics; Christine Oshansky, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; Stanley Perlman, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa; Marcus Plescia, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials; Chris Roberts, National Institutes of Health; William Schaffner, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases; Kenneth Schmader, American Geriatrics Society; Bryan Schumacher, Department of Defense; Rob Schechter, Association of Immunization Managers; Jonathan Temte, American Academy of Family Physicians; Peter Szilagyi, University of California, Los Angeles; Matthew Tunis, National Advisory Committee on Immunization Secretariat, Public Health Agency of Canada; Thomas Weiser, Indian Health Service; Matt Zahn, National Association of County and City Health Officials; Rachel Zhang, Food and Drug Administration. Researchers also looked at rates per million doses and the rate was 35.6 cases per million for Moderna and 12.6 per million for Pfizer-;an almost threefold increase after Moderna shots vs.. The rates of myocarditis were highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males aged 12 to 15 years (70.7 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), in adolescent males aged 16 to 17 years (105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), and in young men aged 18 to 24 years (52.4 and 56.3 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and the mRNA-1273 vaccine, respectively). Myocarditis typically occurs more commonly in males than in females, and incidence is highest among infants, adolescents, and young adults (1,2). Buchan SA, Seo CY, Johnson C, Alley S, Kwong JC, Nasreen S, Calzavara A, Lu D, Harris TM, Yu K, Wilson SE. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System met the case definition of myocarditis (reported cases). FLEG: Myocarditis is an uncommon complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. After reports of myocarditis and pericarditis in mRNA vaccine recipients, which predominantly occurred in young males after the second dose, an ACIP meeting was rapidly convened to review reported cases of myocarditis and pericarditis and discuss the benefits and risks of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in the United States. Currently, about 1,000 cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported after vaccination against COVID-19 with one of the mRNA vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna. Current guidelines from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend exercise restriction until the heart recovers.. I can't remember when I heard about the myocarditis risk with the mRNA vaccines, especially Moderna, but it was definitely by the end of 2021. NHLBI Information & Resources on COVID-19. Table 2. Importance: Reports of Guillain-Barr Syndrome After COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States. Though rare, Moderna Covid vaccine recipients have higher risk - CNBC Saving Lives, Protecting People, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html, https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/covid-19-vaccines, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/covid-19.html, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/work-groups-vast/index.html, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed#d3e785, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ensuringsafety/monitoring/cisa/index.html, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/janssen/risk-benefit-analysis.html, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographicsovertime, https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_3.html, https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_5.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/fully-vaccinated-people.html, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics, https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download, https://www.fda.gov/media/144637/download, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/index.html, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/moderna/index.html, https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.03.019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.035, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16420, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718388430?via%3Dihub, https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/36/42/2921/2293375, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Presence of 1 new or worsening of the following clinical symptoms:*, dyspnea, shortness of breath, or pain with breathing. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/fully-vaccinated-people.html, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions, ***** https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics, https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/downloadexternal icon, https://www.fda.gov/media/144637/downloadexternal icon, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/index.html, ****** https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/moderna/index.html, https://vaers.hhs.gov/faq.htmlexternal icon. Gurdasani, D., Bhatt, S., Costello, A., Denaxas, S., Flaxman, S., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, S., Hyde, Z., Katzourakis, A., McKee, M., Michie, S., Ratmann, O., Reicher, S., Scally, G., Tomlinson, C., Yates, C., Ziauddeen, H., & Pagel, C. (2021). The benefit-risk analysis can be updated as needed to reflect changes in the COVID-19 pandemic and additional information on the risk for and outcomes of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Side effects of COVID-19 vaccination are generally mild discomfort at the injection site, fatigue, and muscle aches and go away in a few days. F.D.A. Is Reviewing If Moderna Vaccine Causes - The New York Times Jerome Fleg, M.D., a program officer with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, oversees and conducts research on heart disease. FLEG: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends COVID-19 vaccination for children as young as 6 months. This analysis did not include the potential benefit of preventing post-COVID-19 conditions, such as prolonged symptoms and MIS-C (6,7). These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Continued use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in all recommended age groups will prevent morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 that far exceed the number of cases of myocarditis expected. CDC and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Induced Myocarditis/Pericarditis Hereafter, myocarditis is used to refer to myocarditis, pericarditis, or myopericarditis. ". Heart 2013;99:16814. Reports of myocarditis to VAERS were adjudicated and summarized for all age groups. You may have seen the recent reports linking rare cases. Health and Human Services. For persons younger than 30 years of age, medical record reviews and clinician interviews were conducted to describe clinical presentation, diagnostic test results, treatment, and early outcomes. Klamer, T. A., Linschoten, M., & Asselbergs, F. W. (2022). CDC and its partners are actively monitoring reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Patone, M., Mei, X. W., Handunnetthi, L., Dixon, S., Zaccardi, F., Shankar-Hari, M., Watkinson, P., Khunti, K., Harnden, A., Coupland, C., Channon, K. M., Mills, N. L., Sheikh, A., & Hippisley-Cox, J. Mary Chamberland, Thomas Clark, Amanda Cohn, Frank DeStefano, Ruth Gallego, Alice Guh, Theresa Harrington, Fiona P. Havers, Lauri Hicks, Amelia Jazwa, Tara Johnson, Brian Kit, Paige Marquez, Sarah Mbaeyi, Elaine Miller, Hannah Rosenblum, Monica Parise, Kadam Patel, Pragati Prasad, David Shay, Jamila Shields, Christopher A. Taylor, Joshua Wong, CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project; Vaccine Safety Datalink; Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Voting members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Kevin A. Ault, University of Kansas Medical Center; Lynn Bahta, Minnesota Department of Health; Henry Bernstein, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Cohen Childrens Medical Center; Beth Bell, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Wilbur Chen, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Sharon E. Frey, Saint Louis University Medical School; Camille Kotton, Harvard Medical School; Sarah Long, Drexel University College of Medicine; Katherine A. Poehling, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Pablo J. Snchez, The Research Institute at Nationwide Childrens Hospital. Regarding health equity considerations, racial and ethnic minority groups have higher rates of COVID-19 and severe disease*****; potential changes in vaccine policy, or anything that would affect vaccination coverage for adolescents or young adults, might disproportionately affect those groups with the highest rates of poor COVID-19 outcomes. Of those with myocarditis, the median age was 21 years (IQR, 16-31 years) and the median time to symptom onset was 2 days (IQR, 1-3 days). 2023 Jan 17;11(2):208. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020208. Reporting rates (per 1 million doses administered) of myocarditis among females after Moderna COVID-19 vaccination, days 0-7 after vaccination (through Jan 13, 2022 6 Moderna (Females) Ages (years) Dose 1 Dose 2 18-24 0.5 5.5 25-29 0.3 5.8 30-39 0.6 0.6 40-49 0.8 1.6 50-64 0.8 0.4 65+ 0.1 0.5 85,729,766 Moderna says Covid vaccine has fewer breakthrough cases than Pfizer's Annie, F. H., Alkhaimy, H., Nanjundappa, A., & Elashery, A. CDC also encourages reporting of any additional clinically significant adverse event, even if it is not clear whether a vaccination caused the event. Expected rates of myocarditis by age and sex were calculated using 2017-2019 claims data. Diagnosis and Management of Myocarditis in Children: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. The findings from the VaST and the ACIP COVID-19 Vaccines Work Group assessments, including a summary of the data reviewed, were presented to ACIP during its meeting on June 23, 2021. The study shows a low but significant rate of myocarditis among vaccine recipients, at less than 1 per 100,000 recipients. Vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna). Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. The risk of getting myocarditis from a COVID-19 vaccine is less than 1%. If you have concerns about COVID-19 vaccination, talk with your healthcare provider or your childs doctor, nurse, or clinic. FLEG: Tens of thousands of people participated in the clinical trials for the COVID-19 vaccines. CDC and FDA will continue to closely monitor reports of myocarditis after receipt of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and will bring any additional data to ACIP for consideration. Main outcomes and measures: The researchers noted 9.7 myocarditis cases per 100,000 person-years for unvaccinated males and 4.3 per 100,000 for females. For the BNT162b2 vaccine, there were 114246837 first vaccination doses and 95532396 second vaccination doses; and for the mRNA-1273 vaccine, there were 78158611 and 66163001, respectively. Baggs J, Gee J, Lewis E, et al. Researchers are still investigating what triggers myocarditis after Covid vaccination. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are Moderna COVID-19 shot likelier to cause heart inflammation - Reuters Myocarditis is rare, but it occurs more often following SARS-CoV-2 infection than after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for people of all ages.10, We know that boys and men between the ages of 16 and 29 have a higher risk of COVID-19vaccine-related myocarditis. Myocarditis linked with COVID-19 illness may also be more severe because these patients are usually older and have other health conditions that increase their risk of complications. "In general, the rate of myocarditis or myopericarditis was about threefold to fourfold higher for mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccination than that for BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination," the. People who experience a serious side effect of a vaccine or other medical products for COVID-19 may be eligible for compensation under the federal Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program. Myocarditis typically causes shortness of breath and chest pain. Myocarditis related to COVID-19 vaccines seems to be caused by the bodys immune response to vaccination. Corresponding author: Sara E. Oliver, yxo4@cdc.gov. Reporting rates of myocarditis > background rates for males (12-49 years, depending upon dose and manufacturer) and females (after dose 2, 12-29 . OR, infants and children aged <12 years might instead have 2 of the following symptoms: troponin level above upper limit of normal (any type of troponin), Histopathologic confirmation of myocarditis, abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) or rhythm monitoring findings consistent with myocarditis, abnormal cardiac function or wall motion abnormalities on echocardiogram, cMRI findings consistent with myocarditis, No other identifiable cause of the symptoms and findings. They also recover normal heart function sooner.12. FDA adds warning of rare heart inflammation to Pfizer, Moderna - CNBC In addition, CDC has developed a voluntary smartphone-based online tool (v-safe) that uses text messaging and online surveys to provide near real-time health check-ins after receipt of a COVID-19 vaccine. Can COVID-19 Vaccines Induce Premature Non-Communicable Diseases: Where Are We Heading to. Disclaimer. Were currently supporting two large studies looking at long-term effects of COVID-19, including myocarditis and other heart conditions. A recent study classifying Long COVID into four types can help health care providers better target treatments for a patients specific symptoms. Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis, although rare, have occurred more often in younger men (adolescents or young adults) and after the second dose, typically within a few days after . CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Vaccine myocarditis risk reaches 1 in 10,000 for adolescent boys The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the COVID-19 vaccine safety report - 09-02-23 | Therapeutic Goods Data sources: Klamer et al., 2022; Cordero et al., 2022; National Weather Service. Seek medical care if you or your child have any of the specific or general symptoms of myocarditis or pericarditis especially if its within a week after COVID-19 vaccination. If you have any health problems after vaccination, report them to theVaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Technical Work Group Reports are available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/work-groups-vast/index.html. Online ahead of print. The CDC also needs to recommend . Pillay J, Gaudet L, Wingert A, Bialy L, Mackie AS, Paterson DI, Hartling L. BMJ. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Vaccination with mRNA-1273 (Moderna) was associated with a significantly increased rate of myocarditis or myopericarditis, especially among individuals aged 12-39 years (adjusted hazard ratio 5.24 (95% confidence interval 2.47 to 11.12); absolute rate 5.7 (3.3 to 9.3) per 100 000 individuals aged 12-39 years within 28 days of vaccination) Page last updated: <> Active monitoring includes reviewing data and medical records and evaluating the relationship toCOVID-19vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis - The BMJ But the risk of myocarditis associated with the vaccine was lower than the risk associated with COVID-19 infection before or after vaccination - with one exception. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. mRNA Vaccine Technology: A Promising Idea for Fighting HIV, Testing of mRNA HIV vaccines in humans is underway. https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_3.html. Scilit | Article - Myocarditis and pericarditis associated with SARS 2022 Jun 1;5(6):e2218505. Expected vs. PMC Block, J. P., Boehmer, T. K., Forrest, C. B., Carton, T. W., Lee, G. M., Ajani, U. In a press release, the authors said their findings "support the preferential use of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech . In addition, CDC has updated patient education and communication materials reflecting this information for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna****** COVID-19 vaccines; these are important to ensure that vaccine recipients, especially males aged 1229 years, are aware of increased risk for myocarditis and to seek care if they develop symptoms of myocarditis. The EUA has been modified to include information on myocarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Rates of myocarditis and pericarditis were higher with the Moderna vaccine in both males and . Cordero, A., Cazorla, D., Escribano, D., Quintanilla, M. A., Lpez-Ayala, J. M., Berbel, P. P., & Bertomeu-Gonzlez, V. (2022). Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Valu D, Patel B, Kumar A, Prasad S, Kakoti BB, Kaushik A, Jesawadawala M. Vaccines (Basel). A., & American Heart Association Pediatric Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young and Stroke Council (2021). 2023 Feb 5;11(2):362. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020362. Figure 1.. Cases of Myocarditis After mRNA-Based, Figure 1.. Cases of Myocarditis After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination by Age at Onset of Myocarditis, Figure 2.. Cases of Myocarditis After mRNA-Based, Figure 2.. Cases of Myocarditis After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination by Time From Vaccination to Symptom, MeSH Dr Lopes reported receiving personal fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingleheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Merck, Pfizer, Portola, and Sanofi and receiving grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer, and Sanofi. Dr Soslow reported receiving personal fees from Esperare. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted U.S. FDA Advisers Overwhelmingly Back Moderna COVID Vaccine for Ages 6-17 CDC has updated select ways to operate healthcare systems effectively in response to COVID-19 vaccination. Drs Barnett, Ruberg, and Smith reported receiving grants from Pfizer. Vaccinating adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 in England: a risk-benefit analysis. Conclusions and relevance: doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18505. : Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. Cases have mostly occurred in adolescents and young adults under the age of 30 years and mostly in males. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Even though the studies were among the largest vaccine trials in history, they were not large enough to detect very rare complications like myocarditis that occur only a few times per million vaccinations. Epidemiology of Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA Vaccination by Vaccine Product, Schedule, and Interdose Interval Among Adolescents and Adults in Ontario, Canada. MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The researchers found only 1 case per 71,400 vaccinated with Pfizer-BioNTech and 1 case per 23,800 vaccinated with Moderna. 4 0 obj Its clear that vaccination can protect you from myocarditis by protecting you from COVID-19 infection. Ho, J. S., Sia, C.-H., Chan, M. Y., Lin, W., & Wong, R. C. (2020). Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle; if it is accompanied by pericarditis, an inflammation of the thin tissue surrounding the heart (the pericardium), it is referred to as myopericarditis. 3 0 obj JAMA Netw Open. Information regarding the risk for myocarditis with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines should be disseminated to providers to share with vaccine recipients. There were no cases. Most people (95%) who develop myocarditis after receiving a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine have only mild symptoms that go away within a few days.5 Vaccine-linked myocarditis is less likely to cause lingering heart problems than myocarditis due to COVID-19 illness. Moderna COVID-19 shot more likely to cause heart inflammation than In a population-based cohort study of adolescents and adults in Denmark who received two doses of the same mRNA vaccine against COVID, the risk of myocarditis or myopericarditis within 28 days. The benefit of vaccination against COVID-19 outweighs the potential risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. Dr Edwards reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health; receiving personal fees from BioNet, IBM, X-4 Pharma, Seqirus, Roche, Pfizer, Merck, Moderna, and Sanofi; and receiving compensation for being the associate editor of Clinical Infectious Diseases. From an analysis done on just 26 medical chart-confirmed cases of myocarditis in people ages 12 to 39, the CDC scientists estimated a rate of 12.6 cases per million second doses. Based on ACIPs conclusion regarding the benefit-risk assessment on June 23, 2021, COVID-19 vaccination continues to be recommended for all persons aged 12 years under the FDAs EUA. Its clear that vaccination can protect you from myocarditis by protecting you from COVID-19 infection. Jerome Fleg, M.D. This risk should be considered in the context of the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination. According to an analysis presented by a C.D.C. Moderna defended the use of its Covid vaccine, saying the protection it offers against severe disease, hospitalization and death outweighs the risk of myocarditis. July 5, 2022, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh a very small risk of heart complications, You can learn more about myocarditis symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment from the NHLBI, Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program, Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER), CONNECTS-Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (CONNECTS-C4R), https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001001, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-022-01677-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.037, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-022-02007-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.12.006, https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768211052589, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.05.21264581. The risk of myocarditis linked with COVID-19 illness is several times greater than the risk from vaccination, and it is often more serious.3,5,8 This is because the SARS-CoV-2 virus invades cells of the heart, plus the body generates an overactive immune response to the infection. Hromi-Jahjefendi A, Barh D, Uversky V, Aljabali AA, Tambuwala MM, Alzahrani KJ, Alzahrani FM, Alshammeri S, Lundstrom K. Vaccines (Basel).
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