A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. b. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behaviorally test your thought. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? 13. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. d. classical conditioning. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. c. Beck. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. d. cognitive-behavioral. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? b. brain stimulation. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. 110. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. b. focusing on the here and now. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. b. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". 115. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. b. psychoanalysis. b. cognitive-behavioral How so? Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. 119. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? c. sociocultural. 58. a. gestalt 79. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? c. resistance. 25. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Figure 2.10. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. c. children who very seldom fight. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com c. primary process thought. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. 62. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? d. psychoanalytic therapy. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. 94. c. unconditional positive regard. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. The structure of personality. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. 157. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. The answer is continuous. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. A patient has social anxiety disorder. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. c. humanistic-existential The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. Figure 2.9. This might even affect how you interact with them. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. c. denial. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. bodily sensations. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. d. case studies. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. 26. c. psychoanalytic theory. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. 41. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. This thought is an example of: a. depression. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. 109. 121. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. c. operant conditioning. b. self-actualization. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. d. self-aware. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. I know my grandmother used to. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. b. resistance. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. d. object relations theory. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. 64. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. d. create an ideal set of genes. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. This is an example of: a. shaping. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. b. humanistic-existential. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. 35. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. 48. Participants have similar issues. Neurotransmitters. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. The perspective is overly precise. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. They are sexual in nature. b. rationalization. d. projection. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. b. existential. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. d. disengaged. A) illogical thinking patterns. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. c. cognitive-behavioral c. superego. I'm here for you." d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. Conditioning. 19. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. c. gestalt Why? c. operant conditioning. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. c. superego. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. 2.2.2.1. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship.
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